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  "documentTitle": "Lazards Lcoeplus",
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      "text": "Analysis includes non-lithium and compressed air energy storage (CAES); Systems are 100 MW, 8 hour, one cycle per day; Subsidized costs include IRA impact; IRA is subject to interpretation.",
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      "text": "High wind/solar penetration creates need for longer duration capacity; LDES could substitute for traditional peaking resources; Market signals may be established; LDES will compete with green hydrogen, natural gas with CCS, and advanced nuclear.",
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      "text": "LDES technologies are emerging alternatives to lithium-ion batteries; Technological categories include electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal; Round-trip efficiency is a key challenge; LDES technologies generally do not rely on scarce mineral inputs; Most LDES technologies have not yet reached commercialization.",
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      "text": "Emerging LDES companies have attracted significant capital; To date, deployments have been limited; Providers are seeking commercial manufacturing scale; U.S. DOE funding and IRA ITC support deployment; LDES is divorced from the lithium-ion supply chain; Industry is still evaluating system needs.",
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      "text": "Source: Lazard and Roland Berger estimates and publicly available information.",
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      "text": "Technology Overview & Commercial Readiness; Market Activity & Policy Support; Future Perspectives; Overview of Analysis",
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      "text": "Lazard's Long Duration Energy Storage Analysis—Executive Summary",
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