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  "documentTitle": "International Comparison of Australia’s Freight and Supply Chain Performance",
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      "text": "Australia's supply chain accounts for c.40% of the delivered cost of wheat (c.43% in states outside WA) – domestic freight, port costs, and upcountry storage and handling costs account for c.11%, c.9%, and c.7% of delivered cost respectively",
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      "text": "Notwithstanding structural differences, continued focus on rail freight efficiency is critical to the overall supply chain costs",
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      "text": "WA is generally more competitive than other Australian states, with only c.36% of delivered cost attributable to the supply chain – a streamlined, predominantly exports-focused supply chain, a more advanced programme of receival site rationalisation and capital investment in high throughput supply chain infrastructure (e.g. port loading facilities, high capacity rail) support WA's efficiency",
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      "text": "Low utilisation of port terminal facilities also gives rise to lower competitiveness at port – Australian port costs are c.1.5-2x more expensive per tonne than comparators, driven by high road versus rail accumulation, loading inefficiencies and excess port capacity leading to underutilisation",
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      "text": "The supply chain accounts for a larger proportion of the delivered cost of wheat in comparator countries (c.50% and c.45% in Ukraine and Canada respectively) – longer transport distances drive higher domestic freight costs (c.13% and c.17% of total delivered costs). Australian rail freight and port charges appear less competitive than comparators on a unit cost basis",
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      "text": "delivered cost of wheat: 40%",
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      "text": "Key grain supply chain findings",
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