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  "documentTitle": "International Comparison of Australia’s Freight and Supply Chain Performance",
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  "authorName": "L.E.K.",
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      "text": "The grain supply chain\n\n- The supply chain costs as a proportion of the total delivered cost of a tonne of wheat contribute 35-50% of the overall cost, depending on the source market and destination. Excluding international shipping, the supply chain costs range between c.25% in the most efficient markets (i.e. WA, Ukraine, Canada) and c.35% in other markets (East Coast Australia)\n\n- A number of inherent differences in the supply chains impact the nature and efficiency of the supply chain. These include:\n  - the presence of free market and largely competitive supply chains (Australia, Ukraine) versus regulated monopolies (Canada)\n  - the average distance between the harvest regions and international ports\n  - the impact of harvest volatility on export volumes, after domestic demand is satisfied\n  - centralised versus disaggregated supply chain planning\n\n- Industry stakeholder consultation identified key issues of rail freight capacity, receival site efficiency and low port utilisation, which were contributing towards higher supply chain costs. International benchmarking validated these concerns with findings that Australian:\n  - upcountry costs are broadly comparable to Canada's but more expensive than Ukraine's, driven by variable site utilisation\n  - rail freight is more expensive due to structural issues such as shorter haulage distances, low utilisation and capacity constraints\n  - port costs are relatively higher, primarily driven by lower capacity utilisation, particularly in Australia's eastern states\n\n- Generally, Western Australia is more competitive than other Australian states due to its streamlined and predominantly export-orientated supply chain, which has benefitted from site rationalisation and upgrades, and ongoing investment in infrastructure to improve throughput efficiency",
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      "text": "supply chain costs: 35-50%",
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      "text": "Executive Summary – Grain",
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