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      "text": "Post 2007, the total stock of international reserve holdings nearly doubled, reaching around USD 12 trillion by end-2022. Other layers of the safety net increased nearly tenfold, to around USD 3.5 trillion",
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      "text": "In the event of an economic crisis, countries have several financial resources at their disposal... This safety net has four main layers... International reserves serve as a nation's primary defense... Post 2007, the total stock of international reserve holdings nearly doubled... This enhanced insurance effectively cushioned the shock during the first year of the COVID-19 crisis in 2020.",
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