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      "text": "Multinational enterprises lead the coordination of GVCs as 80% of global trade is linked to international production networks of MNEs.",
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      "text": "The term international production refers to the global production networks of multinational enterprises (MNEs) which generate and coordinate global value chain (GVC) trade. Multinational enterprises lead the coordination of GVCs as 80% of global trade is linked to international production networks of MNEs. The key dimensions include the length of GVCs (number of production stages), the geographical spread of value added (number of countries involved), and the governance structure (control and management of GVCs). The length of GVCs is dependent on the ease of dividing production stages and the benefits of specialization while the geographical spread indicates how value is distributed across countries",
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