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  "documentTitle": "Trend 2050 Economics and Business",
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  "authorName": "Roland Berger",
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  "notes": "Uses the 'Smile Curve' framework to illustrate value-added stages in global value chains.",
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      "text": "The smile curve depicts the shift in global investments from manufacturing to services with increasing focus on high value activities at either end of the curve - both upstream (pre-production) and downstream (post-production)",
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      "text": "1) 'Manufacturing+' includes 'Manufacturing' and 'Other non-services' activities. The latter group comprises the following categories: construction, electricity, extraction, and infrastructure; 2) Value added in non-manufacturing stages; 3) Figures for 'Supply chain' also cover 'Packaging & Distribution'; Source: UNCTAD; Roland Berger",
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      "text": "Share in total number of projects 2004-2007; Share in total number of projects 2020-2023; Growth rate, number of projects",
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      "text": "The smile curve depicts the shift in global investments from manufacturing to services with increasing focus on high value activities at either end of the curve - both upstream (pre-production) and downstream (post-production). Low-value, efficiency-seeking FDI projects, which used to serve as common entry points for developing countries into global value chains (GVCs), are now on the decline. Higher-value, service-oriented, and more knowledge-intensive stages of production at the upper ends of the smile curve are becoming the focus of investment, with access largely limited to advanced and emerging economies. Due to this shift, low-income countries - still at an early point in their global value chain development - face significant challenges.",
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      "text": "While greenfield investments have traditionally focused on manufacturing sites, investment abroad is now also aimed at service functions",
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