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  "documentTitle": "Trend 2030 Scarcity of Resources",
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  "notes": "The slide uses a bulleted list format to present complex data regarding iron, copper, and rare earth elements.",
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      "text": "By 2030 barytes, borate and molybdenum are expected to face the greatest supply risk if countries continue to produce the same share of their reserves.",
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      "text": "1) 1 American ton equals 0.907112 metric tonnes. 2) For the distinction between reserves and resources see slide 10 of this document. 3) Rare earth elements (REEs) is an umbrella term for 17 elements, e.g. neodymium, scandium or dysprosium. RE are not really \"rare\", but evenly spread over the Earth's crust. Rare are only economically exploitable reserves. REEs can only be extracted jointly, the volume of single REEs depends on the composition of the natural mineral deposit. Experts assume that the heavy REEs could become scarce",
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      "text": "Raw materials such as metals are an important basis for economic development and growth. Iron is the most commonly used metal worldwide (95% of production in terms of weight). World reserves are at 190 billion tons (Bt)1) iron ore containing 85 Bt iron. Resources are calculated at more than 800 billion tons (Bt) of iron ore containing more than 230 Bt of iron. Assuming stable yearly production of around 3.4 billion tons iron ore (2014), current reserves2) will last for around 56 years, while resources will last for around 234 years. Copper is another frequently used metal, main applications include electrical wires, roofing and plumbing and industrial machinery. Its current reserves are 720 million tons (Mt). Identified copper resources are of 2.1 Bt and a mean of 3.5 Bt in undiscovered copper is expected. Global yearly production is currently at 18.5 Mt (2014), i.e. reserves will last about 39 years, resources more than 3,000 years",
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      "text": "By 2030 barytes, borate and molybdenum are expected to face the greatest supply risk if countries continue to produce the same share of their reserves. Under the assumption that production distribution in 2030 will equal the current distribution of reserves phosphate rock will see a significant increase in supply risk, as reserves are extremely concentrated. The economic importance of the raw materials in 2030 will stay nearly the same as today",
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      "text": "An EU study identified 20 critical raw materials. Among them are heavy rare earth elements3) (RE) like terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium, several light rare elements and other resources like coking coal, silicon metal and cobalt. By 2020 and beyond especially the demand of heavy rare earths will grow strongly. Other heavily demanded resources are gallium and niobium. Strong demand exists also for cobalt, light rare earths, indium, magnesium metal and coking coal",
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      "text": "reserve life: 56 years",
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      "text": "Source: OECD, USGS, European Commission",
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      "text": "Demand is rising continuously – But resource scarcity is a problem only for specific commodities",
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