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  "documentTitle": "Industrial Supply Chain Resilience",
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      "text": "47% Lithium supply",
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      "text": "Global supply concentration: 70%",
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      "text": "The vulnerabilities of global supply chains have been highlighted recently by events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change-induced natural disasters, cybersecurity threats, logistics obstacles, and geopolitical tensions and conflicts.",
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      "text": "Geographical concentration is also present across minerals refining, with China responsible for refining 44% of all lithium and 77% of all cobalt and about 90% of REEs. In addition, critical manufactured goods such as electrolyzers, used to produce green hydrogen, face significant supply chain risks due to both a supply shortage and the concentration of their manufacturing in China (40%).",
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      "text": "For example, in terms of critical minerals, Congo supplies 68% of the world's cobalt and Chile 23% of global copper, while China is dominant across all 17 rare earth elements (REEs), representing 70% of global supply. Also, Indonesia contributes 48% of the world's nickel, and Australia accounts for 47% of global lithium mining.",
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      "text": "Industrial sector supply chains — meaning the manufacturing steps covering raw materials sourcing and processing, components manufacturing, and assembly, as well as the movement of these goods — are particularly exposed to such vulnerabilities.",
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      "kind": "source-note",
      "text": "1 USGS (2023). Mineral Commodity Summaries\n2 Ibid, footnote 1\n3 Benchmark Minerals Intelligence (2023)\n4 IEA. (2023). Energy Technology Perspectives",
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      "text": "Source: International Energy Agency: Clean energy supply chains vulnerabilities",
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      "text": "Exhibit 1: Global supply of critical minerals, 2022",
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      "text": "SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE, WHY NOW?",
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