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      "text": "We cannot fully capture value today... but hybrid or heuristic algorithms could harness some value.",
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      "text": "We cannot fully capture value today... Fault-tolerant (FT) algorithms cannot be performed on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) or early FT devices at scale to demonstrate quantum advantages, due to hardware limits, such as circuit volume, execution time, and noise level",
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      "text": "Source: Jean-Charles Cabelguen, \"Why analog neutral atoms quantum computing is the most promising direction for early quantum advantage,\" Pasqal, July 6, 2022; Adam Callison and Dan E. Browne, \"Improved maximum-likelihood quantum amplitude estimation,\" arXiv, September 7, 2022",
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      "text": "Heuristics algorithms: Use digital simulation such as variational quantum algorithms (VQA) or analogue simulation including annealing to replace FT subroutine such as quantum phase estimation (QPE) on NISQ devices. Pros: Protect the quantum-ness of the algorithm to potentially realize advantage. Explore and leverage the structure of different hardware technologies to prepare for FT. Cons: Speedup of heuristic algorithms is not clear and problem dependent. Dependent on NISQ development. Digital simulation relies heavily on two-qubit gate, which is limited by coherence time on NISQ devices. Hybrid algorithms: Using classical computers to simulate quantum processes based on the system (Hamiltonian) to replace FT routine such as QPE on NISQ devices, such as maximum-likelihood quantum amplitude estimation (MLQAE). Pros: Clarity on speedup compared with heuristic algorithms. Less dependent on quantum hardware. Cons: Less clear/lack of general classical approach to replace FT algorithms; early stage and problem dependent.",
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