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  "documentTitle": "How nine digital frontrunners can lead on AI in Europe",
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      "text": "Clusters are responsible for an outsized proportion of innovation, entrepreneurial activity, and economic growth, and the effect is self-reinforcing; better research through more talent and capital improves commercialization, which fosters investment in research and in turn attracts new talent.",
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      "text": "1 McKinsey Global Institute, 2017. 2 The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2019. 3 Details of methodology can be found in methodology appendix. 4 Startup Genome, 2019... Source: Interviews; Press search...",
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      "text": "Europe's top cluster in London is no longer part of the EU due to Brexit... Ideally, therefore, Europe should focus on expanding nascent AI clusters as a catalyst for AI adoption and innovation.",
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      "text": "To assess the performance of 294 cities as AI clusters, we created an index based on seven key drivers... Only three European and four Asian cities, meanwhile, rank in the top 25 (Exhibit 8).",
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