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  "documentTitle": "International Comparison of Australia’s Freight and Supply Chain Performance 2019",
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      "text": "Temperature controlled freight is reserved for only the highest quality wines, with industry participants indicating that: the cost of temperature control was 2-3x the price of 'ambient' transport; temperature control for wine is only necessary over years to preserve quality, and the relative impact of the supply chain transport duration is unlikely to have any noticeable quality impact",
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      "text": "The movement of finished goods is relatively consistent across regions reviewed: For domestic transport trucks remain the predominant mode, except for longer haul distances in Australia and the US, where intermodal facilities and the general rail freight flow is used; Supply restricted, super premium wine that require customers to subscribe to multi year waiting lists, is generally air freighted from Bordeaux, but this represents a relatively small (volume) share; Bulk wine (bottled in the market of consumption rather than production ) is transported in containers fitted with an internal bladder",
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      "text": "Despite California crushing a higher volume of grapes, the unit costs of transporting grapes to wineries appears to be relatively consistent across regions, if not marginally cheaper in Australia; The industry is of significantly larger scale in California than in Bordeaux and South Australia in terms of finished goods production; Domestic consumption (as a % of overall production) is significantly lower in Australia than in California or Bordeaux, which emphasises the need for export competitiveness; The nature of the supply chain (location of warehousing, market structure) is also inherently different. For example, holding costs at distributors in the USA are higher than in other regions in part due to the increased market power held by US distributors",
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      "text": "Inherent differences between the South Australia, Californian and Bordeaux wine supply chains impact the nature of the supply chain",
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