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  "documentTitle": "International Comparison of Australia’s Freight and Supply Chain Performance 2019",
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  "authorName": "L.E.K.",
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      "text": "Waste",
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      "text": "A number of suggested improvements focussed on freight efficiency have been made within this report. Consideration needs to be given to the trade off between environmental outcomes and freight efficiency",
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      "text": "In Australia, responsibilities across the different levels of Government are extensive:\n- Local government usually manages the collection of household waste and it is typically their third or fourth biggest expenditure for local government\n- State Governments also have a range of direct responsibilities for waste\n- Surpluses from waste levies collected by the states are used to fund a range of projects to improve the waste supply chain\n- The federal Commonwealth Government has a number of departments and agencies in the supply chain. However, more direct responsibilities sits within the state and local governments",
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      "text": "The management of waste in both Denmark and Wales flows from high level European Union directives, in a manner that is more consistent and collaborative than in Australia\n- Waste KPIs are set and cascaded from the EU, down to local government\n- International best practice is to avoid waste generation in the first instance, thus reducing the burden on the supply chain, followed by increased source separation earlier on in the supply chain (i.e. in the home) drives increase in material handling and waste collection costs\n- Depending on the maturity of the ‘re-use’ industry, or ‘circular’ economy, increased collection costs can be partially offset where landfill is avoided, or via product revenues\n- Robust collection of waste data appears to be linked to both improved environmental and freight efficiency outcomes",
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      "text": "Best practices with respect to transport of waste in other geographies indicate there is opportunity for improvement",
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