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  "documentTitle": "International Comparison of Australia’s Freight and Supply Chain Performance 2019",
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      "text": "Within the waste supply chain there is also a trade-off between being an efficient, simple supply chain and another with superior environmental outcomes that will likely be more complex, expensive and by some measures, inefficient.",
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      "text": "While transport costs account of the majority of waste management costs (30 to 50%), decisions about waste collection, disposal and associated regulation have the greatest bearing on overall costs",
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      "text": "Within the waste supply chain there is also a trade-off between being an efficient, simple supply chain (i.e. diverting all waste to landfill only) and another with superior environmental outcomes that will likely be more complex, expensive and by some measures, inefficient. This is an important consideration",
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      "text": "Other 'ecosystem' factors that drive freight efficiency include: The location of critical 'nodes' in the supply chain, particularly landfills or waste to energy facilities; An increased number of bins in the household to support source separation and improve landfill diversion, may drive additional pick up runs or different trucks and decreased efficiency; Landfill levies in Australia range from $50-140 per tonne, which are comparable globally at the lower end (i.e., $50). The key difference in Australia is the difference in levies between geographies creates the economic incentives to transport waste to lower cost disposal sites, increasing costs and unnecessary transportation of waste; The availability of 'waste' exports has influenced the maturity of the recycling infrastructure. Once implemented, the ban on most waste exports from Australia will shift this dynamic",
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