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      "text": "In less than thirty years, the dominance of internally integrated players has given way to an industry network of focused specialists.",
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      "text": "Figure 6. Illustration of external specialization.",
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      "text": "Changes in the PC industry over the last three decades illustrate this evolution toward external specialization. In the 1970s, the vertically integrated model prevailed. IBM and Digital Equipment Company sourced and built every aspect of their PCs internally.",
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      "text": "During the same time period, Apple Computer sought to control the entire value chain with its propriety approach to operating systems and hardware designs. By the 1980s, the partnership model came into prominence and changed the face of the industry.",
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