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well-intentioned programmer who gets a feature done very quickly, as requested, with minimal unit testing and almost no system testing, marks it off on the schedule, then starts on a new feature.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:23.991+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "0a0b5126-168c-4626-9c5f-5b38d9812482", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.037, "w": 0.706, "x": 0.147, "y": 0.39 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The reason that complexity breeds bugs is that we don’t understand how the pieces will work together. This is true for new products as well as for changes to existing products.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:23.991+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "4fac234b-b6ee-4e08-8dfe-b12b8d5e8940", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.055, "w": 0.706, "x": 0.147, "y": 0.26 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "We forget that the schedule is not a product, it’s a tool. Its purpose is to predict when we will finish, so that other people can schedule their own work accordingly. The schedule has nothing (directly) to do with the quality of the product.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:23.991+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "5c9abfdf-490e-4b1a-a690-e90d0463d886", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.055, "w": 0.706, "x": 0.147, "y": 0.113 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Our scheduling methods and Microsoft’s culture encourage doing the minimum work necessary on a feature. 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Development is too often concerned with appearing to make progress (my opinion of this should be clear by now), and with having a clean product at ship time.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:23.991+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "d77f7978-6932-4721-a4db-4d07dc22e1e0", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.016, "w": 0.145, "x": 0.147, "y": 0.371 }, "kind": "title", "text": "Missing the point", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Title", "slug": "title", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f7dd-76d9-b848-b1f12bd85cf4", 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When this happens, you must evaluate the problem and", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:24.542+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "3f8467b6-15da-4623-94e0-ca589e08efbb", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.12, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.51 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "First, I have to admit that there is no single solution. Every project team must evaluate itself and its product and determine what will help to achieve zero defects. It doesn’t matter whether we can actually achieve zero on the first attempt, but we should start right now and get closer on every project.\nThis section gives a broad overview of the solution. The following sections describe how to change your attitudes and work habits to reach that goal. A few of the ideas must be done or the whole thing will collapse, but for the most part each project should pick and choose what works best for them.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:24.542+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "4772e075-1543-451e-86eb-8ec072b600e7", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.22, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.64 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Zero bugs every day\nI mean this literally: your goal should be to have a working, nearly-shippable product every day.\nThis doesn’t mean that when you go home every night you have removed all the bugs from work in progress. 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The fact that we must rid ourselves of this idea seems to contradict the implications I’ve been making, namely that we should anticipate bugs in our code and winnow them out early. There is no contradiction: when everyone feels that bugs will happen no matter what we do, we stop taking action to prevent any bugs from appearing.\nIn fact, bugs are inevitable. But if we act that way, we make it more horribly true.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:24.542+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "abb11704-c0f1-493c-8e7b-7165f1a56173", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.12, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.21 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Over-confidence\nThis is perfectly natural, but wrong. Every programmer I know writes good code, looks at it in satisfaction, and declares that it should work. I have rarely seen new code that does so. (The occasions are easy to spot: people dancing and hooting in the halls.) What piece of code has withstood six months of testing with no bugs reported? Or been reviewed in the next version without a shudder?", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:24.542+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "c7e7a7ec-d227-4ed1-b88e-85d461c29a63", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.12, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Lack of ownership\nUnder pressure, we tend to hunker down and just try to get our part of the job done. 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But it's an important attitude shift.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:22.627+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "d08fd45a-4713-482b-84a1-fe32ba03330e", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.03, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.13 }, "kind": "quote", "text": "We should write quality into our products, not test it in.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Quote", "slug": "quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8fb-751e-8bc6-d58e2d59562a", "version": 1, "description": "Pull quote or testimonial." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Pull quote", "slug": "pull-quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fbf9-76fe-97e1-a0b7540445c9", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "pull-quote", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:22.627+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "e1e82ff3-b23e-484d-a010-1bf874262dd5", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.02, "w": 0.22, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.31 }, "kind": "title", "text": "A new attitude", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Title", "slug": "title", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f7dd-76d9-b848-b1f12bd85cf4", "version": 1, "description": "Slide title or headline." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Headline", "slug": "headline", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fae1-7463-9a7c-d60668eced0d", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "headline", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:22.627+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "1b0e3a68-a564-4e5d-99ed-a094703b9bb1", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.02, "w": 0.25, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.11 }, "kind": "title", "text": "Testers shall not", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Title", "slug": "title", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f7dd-76d9-b848-b1f12bd85cf4", "version": 1, "description": "Slide title or headline." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Headline", "slug": "headline", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fae1-7463-9a7c-d60668eced0d", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "headline", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:22.627+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "eb2a26c3-fd8d-4a2b-8cc8-f2823551229a", "parentComponentId": null } ], "metrics": [], "tools": [], "frameworks": [], "arcBeats": [ { "to": 4, "arc": { "name": "Problem-Agitate-Solution", "slug": "problem-agitate-solution", "status": "active", "bestFor": "Sales pitches, urgency-driven, competitive displacement", "canonId": "019dd956-5ec6-70f9-9fd8-fdbaaff39acf", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": "019df22a-2356-73eb-8061-d8c81dc0aa49", "structure": "Problem (Identify pain) -> Agitate (Make it worse) -> Solution (Provide relief)", "description": null, "familyLabel": null }, "from": 4, "name": "Agitate", "beatId": "fce91576-f439-44db-96b4-a00d427116bb", "matchId": "671d35ce-dc2b-4127-804c-8aeb1c3bd59e", "beatType": { "name": "Agitate (Make it worse)", "slug": "problem-agitate-solution-agitate-make-it-worse", "status": "active", "canonId": "019dd9b8-0f5a-71dd-bae7-8fadb0d09456", "version": 1, "description": null }, "evidence": "The key messages on page 4 emphasize the importance of testers.", "position": 1, "isPrimaryArc": true, "parentBeatType": { "name": "Development", "slug": "development", "status": "active", "canonId": "019dd9b8-0332-7008-b3aa-11b0840a57b1", "version": 1, "description": "The middle stretch in arcs that have one. 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Writing bugs means we're failing in our major activity. Hundreds of thousands of individuals and companies rely on our products; bugs can cause a lot of lost time and money. We could conceivably put a company out of business with a bug in a spreadsheet, database, or word processor. We have to start taking this more seriously.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:24.653+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "1c887cd0-d0ac-47fc-95d9-df0ff5504aa7", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.18, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Be ashamed of bugs. If you think that there will be bugs in your code no matter what you do, and someone actually finds one (or a hundred), there's no cause for alarm: 'I knew it.' If you think that there won't be bugs in your code, but someone finds them anyway, you probably react with resignation: 'I guess I was wrong.' Both of these are counter-productive strategies for dealing with bugs. Plan carefully so they don't happen. If they happen anyway, you should be embarrassed, and find out why your plans failed. Then take action to prevent the same failures in the future.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:24.653+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "2fea2e9a-d062-4f59-af28-5c321b9f3001", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.04, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.84 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "All of the concrete suggestions in this section came from a few hours' discussion by nine people who had changed their attitude. These are ideas for how to implement a zero-defects strategy in your project. If you have others, please let everyone know.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:24.653+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "412b6620-3a6f-48ac-b0c5-4bcde431dae1", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.18, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.55 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Users measure our products by their speed (a major part of usability) as much as by their features. Our methods do not reveal this. We often let hand native, swap tuning, and other important optimizations slip until there's no time to do them. Hand native should be done in parallel with the C from the start. This may seem to 'waste' time, but you'll always know if the program is fast enough, and have time to correct it if it's not. Algorithmic optimization should never be postponed. Swap tuning is a difficult issue, especially under Windows and with the state of our current tools; each project lead should decide how to schedule it. The intent is not to do unnecessary optimizations, but to schedule, and never postpone, known optimizations.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 18:59:24.653+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "6139b959-a489-4539-8bf4-31b77ebd7e14", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.11, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.4 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "It's difficult to say what it is we're rewarding now. What we should be rewarding are people who do the job right the first time. If we can't find anyone like that, we should reward whoever comes closest. 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