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'Programming servants to love servitude automates symbolic violence'; '11.1.3 The Navigation Marketplace' becomes 'Alphabet's 80% navigation share makes turn-by-turn the new common carrier'", "Replace the 12-page index tail with a 1-page Policy Recommendations slide that consolidates the legal and technical levers hinted at on p.212 into an owner-by-timeframe matrix" ], "closingScore": 20, "openingScore": 12, "topStrengths": [ "Exceptionally strong pull-quotes that function as de facto action titles (e.g. p.93 'Trackers want us to remain machine-readable... to exploit our most human endeavors', p.175 'many platforms as fundamentally predatory enterprises', p.149 'The more the body is datafied, the more physical it becomes')", "Clear three-part skeleton with consistent chapter anatomy (context → analysis → conclusion → references) that readers can navigate predictably", "Occasional quantitative anchors surfaced in callouts (e.g. p.182 '80% of smartphone navigation controlled by Alphabet', p.147 Table 9.1 on European immigration data categories) that would translate well to consulting-style data slides" ], "topWeaknesses": [ "Not a consulting deck: 224 pages with 15 pages of front matter, ~50 pages of references/index, and no executive summary, recommendation, or next-steps slide anywhere", "Thesis never stated up front — the closest equivalent (the 'reverse Turing test' framing on p.42) appears 42 pages in, and even then is phrased as a question, not an answer", "Titles are topic labels, not insights: p.162 '10.1 DEFINING EXPLOITATION', p.168 '10.3 WHAT IS OLD IS NEW AGAIN', p.184 '11.2.1 What Are Data Packets?' — all force the reader into the body copy to find the point", "Section dividers describe territory, not argument — PART I/II/III are topical buckets with no SCQA logic tying them together, so cutting any one part would not break the narrative" ], "narrativeScore": 30, "pillarCritique": "The three Part dividers (Conceptualizing the Digital Human / 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IP address: 98.118.43.248, on 02 Dec 2025 at 21:17:41, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/D8CC33CF026507F324AF00CEEC7C894C", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Disclaimer", "slug": "disclaimer", "status": "active", "canonId": "91173477-d91f-4024-bbaf-d4f93e3f82dc", "version": 1, "description": "Legal/cautionary text that occupies most of the body of its slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:24.32+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "3a21158f-7ab0-41ad-bd9b-150f376c270c", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.22, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.33 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Over the past 20 years, digital technologies have been reshaping human activities: robots are reconfiguring work, personalized learning algorithms are changing education, social media are steering both private and public discourse, targeted advertising is driving consumption, and all in unanticipated and unprecedented ways. 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(Kant 2006 [1796], BA 3, 4).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Quote", "slug": "quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8fb-751e-8bc6-d58e2d59562a", "version": 1, "description": "Pull quote or testimonial." }, "tool": { "name": "Authority citation", "slug": "authority-citation", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd9e1-49ae-7557-89ad-3fca70469b45", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "Quoting an authority figure, study, or precedent to lend weight.", "familyLabel": null }, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-04-24 15:29:43+00", "model": "or:google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "019dd952-1044-75f9-bcfd-e1ed1cb829fb", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.02, "w": 0.14, "x": 0.43, "y": 0.18 }, "kind": "title", "text": "Introduction", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Title", "slug": "title", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f7dd-76d9-b848-b1f12bd85cf4", "version": 1, "description": "Slide title or headline." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Headline", "slug": "headline", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fae1-7463-9a7c-d60668eced0d", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "headline", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:24.32+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "78d57ed8-3a60-4c71-bf07-539393fd4c30", "parentComponentId": null } ], "metrics": [], "tools": [ { "tool": { "name": "Executive summary", "slug": "executive-summary", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd9e1-4b63-72d5-9734-da757d91ca61", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "A condensed view of the entire argument on a single slide / block.", "familyLabel": null, "categoryName": null, "categorySlug": null }, "agent": null, "layer": "slide", "agents": null, "matchId": "aba6d561-816f-43c6-9db3-4d465f2589e8", "evidence": "This slide is an executive summary as indicated by its title 'Introduction' and content that provides an overview of the main topics.", "pageRefs": null, "priority": null, "whenToUse": null, "confidence": 0.9, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 21:49:37.778516+00", "model": "or:meta-llama/llama-4-scout", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "pageNumber": 15, "whyItWorks": null, "antipattern": null, "cardinality": "common", "narrativePurpose": null } ], "frameworks": [], "arcBeats": [ { "to": 30, "arc": { "name": "The Transformation Tale", "slug": "transformation-tale", "status": "active", "bestFor": "Sales presentations, product launches, fundraising", "canonId": "019dd956-6128-70fa-9bff-ab3c0b4ad09f", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": "019df22a-2356-73eb-8061-d8c81dc0aa49", "structure": "Current Reality (Pain) -> Future Vision (Gain) -> The Bridge", "description": null, "familyLabel": null }, "from": 15, "name": "Current Reality (Pain)", "beatId": "767c5313-a86d-47ec-b5ed-2464ee7b958f", "matchId": "a6425c9b-ed8b-451c-b3ca-74522df6abce", "beatType": { "name": "Current Reality (Pain)", "slug": "transformation-tale-current-reality-pain", "status": "active", "canonId": "019dd9b8-2913-713f-b6ca-b978ac103400", "version": 1, "description": null }, "evidence": "The document introduces the concept of posthumanism and its implications for human identity.", "position": 0, "isPrimaryArc": true, "parentBeatType": { "name": "Complication", "slug": "complication", "status": "active", "canonId": "019dd9b8-0275-7709-b2d6-4f77c3fc7579", "version": 1, "description": "The point in the narrative where the audience should feel discomfort. 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Our goal in this introduction is accordingly to better situate ourselves in the current debates about the technological influence on and interaction with human beings. In the background – and sometimes in the foreground – of our discussions about the digital human are two theoretical trends that have attracted a great deal of attention over the last decades and have led to (at least) two central philosophical debates: posthumanism and transhumanism. We are briefly going to sketch each one in turn.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:25.833+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "21ff54d9-a458-4975-80a8-25bbdbeeedef", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "intelligence are so efficient that one actually has to speak of a historical upheaval. The mode in which the questions about human nature are asked, about the finitude of the human being, about its vulnerability, about its ability to speak, and about its self-consciousness, has changed under the massive influence of recent technologies, notably AI. The change is manifest in all areas of life which have been digitized – language, communication in general, friendships and relationships in general, work, democracy. But the upheaval is maybe especially palpable in the economy: with digital or surveillance capitalism the market economy has taken on new forms thanks to categorically new technologies and the concentration of digital companies in the five or six biggest players (see Jasanoff 2016; Zuboff 2019). Since the digitized market has taken over all areas of human life, it has seemingly taken over what it means to be human as well.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:25.833+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "52da18e5-a2f7-4709-b46b-e5b77b4ff221", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.18, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.54 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "To begin to address these questions, we gathered a group of leading scholars to reflect on how we – as individuals and as a society – change as digital technologies rewrite the fundamental conditions of our collective life and of our individual experiences of being human. We also asked these scholars to reflect on the kinds of vocabularies or conceptual frameworks that will give us the language we need to grapple with, understand and resist these conditions. We believe that this is an important conversation to initiate because how we as a society answer these questions will be among the defining issues of the coming years and decades.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:25.833+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "e1baa9c5-b6a4-4201-b553-1438abdb2388", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.18, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.35 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "All these questions, against the background of the transformation of social life, will be addressed in our collection. On the one hand, we seek to explore fundamental issues, such as the extent to which the concept and idea of human beings (has to) change given the new socio-technical reality we are creating. On the other hand, we are also interested in more specific questions such as: What kinds of humans are expected to inhabit these new spaces? Will the machine learning that drives these spaces necessarily make us more predictable? 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He offers a fascinating portrait of the \"platform human,\" a being whose entrepreneurial and libertarian needs are seamlessly enabled by technology built into the lived environment in ways that", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:33.296+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "9a01fe24-1fac-418f-8012-1e7d7f958295", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.085, "w": 0.75, "x": 0.125, "y": 0.163 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Maybe we could say that, if we were as human as we can be in our best moments, there would be no reason for the transhumanist to transcend us. This question of how we could best be human seems to be essential because, in all criticisms of transforming human nature (in posthumanism as well as in transhumanism), we have to be conscious of a rather fundamental question: what's so good about being human that we want to hold on to it?", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:33.296+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "b99668db-9a79-4bdb-b615-83d6dc278533", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.055, "w": 0.75, "x": 0.125, "y": 0.096 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "medicine is nothing other than making people better with the help of the cognitive capacities of humans and, if necessary, technologies. However, how far we should go with the possibilities that technologies make available to us remains a contested question.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:33.296+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "d4235dc1-7d58-4bfd-ba1b-c33b4a4f0693", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.355, "w": 0.75, "x": 0.125, "y": 0.359 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "This question is also what the following chapters have in common. In various contributions, human intersubjectivity is of decisive concern (see for instance Chapter 8, by Steeves), an aspect of the human being that is, as we have already seen, perceptibly absent from the postmodernist as well as the transhumanist theories. Others examine the messy social practices in which people are always already anchored and which, for traditional theories of human nature, constitute a substantial and fundamental aspect of being human (see for instance Chapter 4, by Pasquale) or demonstrate that these practices do not seem to be a relevant element in the pursuit of the perfect transhuman being (see Chapter 2, by Murakami Wood). All the following contributions assume that it is possible to hold on to the concept of the human being and still conceptualize the changes – possibly also conceptual changes – that accompany the digitization of our societies. Accordingly, our collection aims at presenting new conceptual frameworks and vocabularies to help us understand and challenge emerging paradigms of what should be human and humanly possible for the digitized person, and to elucidate the economic, political, or social conditions that are necessary for a good digital life. The collection, as we understand it, is accordingly a further step toward thinking about and discussing the grounds for the possible and ongoing transformations of being human.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:33.296+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "ec209590-91fc-435f-8356-1bf45ba3f65c", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.015, "w": 0.084, "x": 0.458, "y": 0.054 }, "kind": "title", "text": "Introduction", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Title", "slug": "title", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f7dd-76d9-b848-b1f12bd85cf4", "version": 1, "description": "Slide title or headline." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Headline", "slug": "headline", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fae1-7463-9a7c-d60668eced0d", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "headline", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:33.296+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "b68ede4f-2c74-41e7-bc4e-a35a53d64350", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.015, "w": 0.344, "x": 0.328, "y": 0.331 }, "kind": "title", "text": "1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE CHAPTERS", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Title", "slug": "title", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f7dd-76d9-b848-b1f12bd85cf4", "version": 1, "description": "Slide title or headline." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Subtitle", "slug": "subtitle", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb09-739d-900c-815b0d9ac526", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "subtitle", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:33.296+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "2ba226a2-66d6-45cf-a4f8-52fb7e41df96", "parentComponentId": null } ], "metrics": [], "tools": [ { "tool": { "name": "Audience Definition", "slug": "audience-definition", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd956-7f2a-775d-aeee-ff099bcb7756", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "Six key questions: Who are they? 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Briefly, the first of these is a noticeable, sometimes advertised, degree of separation from the surrounding polity, varying from at least some kind of local economic, social, cultural, or political autonomy through to a full-blown city-state model. Singapore's “smart nation” or the leisure/investment metropolis of Dubai are of course the inspirations here, but there are many older examples or even those to be found in fiction that are cited by proponents. Singapore is a particular example to this latest wave of platform city developers, mainly for its politics rather than its technological aspects: the concept of an independent city-state appeals partly at least because it is free from the supposedly constrictive embrace of the extended territorial nation-state. However, it is also an example of the second shared element: a highly neoliberal conception of governance in which democracy is de-emphasized or even abandoned versus financial freedom and property rights, while remaining visibly multicultural. The third is the dependence upon almost total data extractivism and ubiquitous surveillance, underpinned by some kind of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The fourth and final shared element is a bland neoliberal globalist aesthetics, which at its most extreme verges on a neo-colonial presentation. This consists of smooth computer-generated visualizations, smiling putative, often white or racially ambiguous residents, starchitect master planners, and advisory boards consisting of the “usual suspects” from the transnational ruling class in law, urban planning, finance, and consultancy.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.318+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "27ba5771-c3c6-422f-a7ad-3344a4026ffb", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.12, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.82 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "That final shared element leads to an obvious question around the implied “nature” of the inhabitants, in other words the identity and subjectivity not of “actually existing smart citizens” (Shelton and Lodato 2019) but of the proposed platform city people. For the remainder of this chapter, I will concentrate on the shared characteristics of the envisaged new inhabitants of these platform cities, platform city people, based on five cases, a corpus whose publicity documents, plans, and charters", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.318+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "2debd338-5e00-493b-9890-e420b1df2abf", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.14 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "In various ways these other histories have intersected with smart cities and are often considered as simply another aspect of the same phenomenon. What I am examining is one such convergence: billion-dollar projects for new cities or urban neighbourhoods that demonstrate characteristics of several of these ideal urban forms. These hybrids are corporate-oriented and neoliberal whether or not they are created or managed by corporations directly. 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Thus it was striking how, just a few years after 2012, one could see the juxtaposition of Israel rebranding itself as the “Start-up Nation” while its Prime Minister, Netanyahu, was almost simultaneously arguing that the strong and adaptable survive and the weak are destined to be erased. David Golumbia (2009; 2016) has made similar convincing observations about the right-wing politics of Bitcoin, indeed that such is the ultimate “cultural logic of computation” more generally. With the emergence of the so-called TESCREAL cluster, an increasingly coherent ideological constellation embraced by platform capitalist CEOs like Elon Musk, we see neo-eugenicism with technological determinism, neoliberal economics and right-libertarian social policy would seem to provide the up-front or retrospective justification for many more authoritarian platform city initiatives.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:32.241+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "770315a8-b539-4a06-b35c-87f15e229808", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.39 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "For platform city people, it is easier to imagine robot rights than the acknowledgment of human rights for the workers who support their exclusive lifestyle or for the rights of other living beings. The consultants’ report for the NEOM plan included the idea that 50 per cent of the population of the proposed city would be robots (Scheck et al. 2019), building on a rather curious fascination with robots evidenced by the granting of Saudi citizenship to “Sophie,” a rather limited conversation bot, when neither Saudi women nor immigrants have full citizenship rights in the kingdom (Hart 2018). Again, this links into the TESCREAL constellation, with philosopher, Nick Bostrom’s “long termism” specifically advocating policy directions based on the alleged ethical imperative of maximizing the supposed future trillions of “humans” living as uploaded consciousnesses in machines far beyond our solar system.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:32.241+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "823e50b7-bcc2-460a-a357-c49b50339874", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.69 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Platform city people are the proposed inhabitants of a new world: a clean, safe, sustainable, technologically advanced, and inventive world of minimal government and maximum empowerment and support for entrepreneurialism and the enjoyment of ownership. The problem is that it is a niche world, an archipelago of enclaves that constitutes only a tiny proportion of a planet in crisis, and its biopolitical exclusivity and violently exclusionary necropolitical character are evidence", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:32.241+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "890be4e8-46eb-4251-99da-486d069e7dd3", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.1, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.85 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "1 Start-Up Nation Central, https://startupnationcentral.org/ 2 Prime Minister of Israel official Twitter account @IsraeliPM, August 29, 2018: https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1034849460344573952 3 “TESCREAL” stands for Transhumanism, Extropianism, Singularitarianism, Cosmism, Realism, Effective Altruism, and Longtermism, and was coined by Timnit Gebru (c.f. 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On the other hand, we have Frischmann, Selinger, and Pasquale, who show us that people – humans – are becoming more and more similar to machines: they contend that we are working on ourselves in order to be ever more perfectly technologically human.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:27.703+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "0f871a3f-86a7-4769-a238-7fd2c9dc63bc", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.09, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.48 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "While there is no uncontested concept of the human nature, it does seem plausible to argue that human nature is neither something purely accidental, historically completely variable, and relative. 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But disputes and reflection on how to lead life well are part of the essence of being human”", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:27.703+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "489ce076-1b40-462c-afe7-7ed3cc1d45f4", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.69 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "To engage with this rather complex question adequately, I suggest approaching it through a novel whose very topic is the relation between humans and machines: Ian McEwan’s (2019) novel Machines Like Me. I want to illustrate the problematic by taking up this different perspective on the technological world because, in this novel, McEwan describes the relationship between a human being and an almost-human being; an extraordinarily well-constructed, sensitive, and intelligent robot whose name is Adam.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:27.703+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "6c08a498-c65a-492a-a4e5-1994019c78b7", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.14, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "As we collectively race down the path toward smart techno-social systems that efficiently govern more and more of our lives, we run the risk of losing ourselves along the way. We risk becoming increasingly predictable, and, worse, programmable, like mere cogs in a machine.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:27.703+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "87843cc3-8b2a-4535-b234-1b76c4733338", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": null, "kind": "quote", "text": "The future that [the robot] Adam imagines . . . reduces the question of human perfectibility to one of transparency and predictability. 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And humans – in McEwan (2019) and in general – see themselves as being defined by not only rationality but also sentimentality. Furthermore, the suicides of the Adams and Eves exhibit something like an uncanny zone: Isn't it specifically human to kill oneself, to set an end to one's life? 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With the robots, there comes a 470-page online handbook about how to program them, but Charlie writes:", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:29.377+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "258bc61b-d264-43c8-9d28-a8db4199dd63", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.18, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.32 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Charlie feels uncomfortable to choose the settings since he is very aware of their reductive character. And it's not only the reductive character of the program, it's also the predictability which comes with the program, and which goes against our intuitions that human beings – although being perfectly able to follow rules and rationality – can also be unpredictable, in the sense of being unexpectedly creative when dealing with rules and given programs. Interestingly, Charlie has done a degree in anthropology at college. Why anthropology? Because the subtle sub-text (or sometimes not so subtle) is the question of the Anthropos, the borderline between what is and what is not human.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:29.377+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "8cbb6a6b-1d61-42d7-80af-9e68db19eea8", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.03, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.8 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "A third intriguing problem I want to point out is the problem of lying, as Turing explains to Charlie:", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:29.377+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "9644b18f-4b58-4d66-a831-b138f3275195", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.04, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.51 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "A second point concerns the problem of self-knowledge and decision-making, with the character of Turing declaring at the end of the novel:", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:29.377+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "ee9c31a9-e71d-479d-a57c-283343966174", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.84 }, "kind": "quote", "text": "Machine learning can only take you so far. You'll need to give this mind some rules to live by. How about a prohibition against lying? . . . But social life teems with harmless or even helpful untruths. How do we separate them out? Who's going to write the algorithm for the little white lies that spare the blushes of a friend? . . . We don't yet know how to teach machines to lie. (McEwan 2019, 303)", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Quote", "slug": "quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8fb-751e-8bc6-d58e2d59562a", "version": 1, "description": "Pull quote or testimonial." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Pull quote", "slug": "pull-quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fbf9-76fe-97e1-a0b7540445c9", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "pull-quote", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:29.377+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "691a878e-a8dd-48e1-b015-894f90e8f38a", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.16 }, "kind": "quote", "text": "I couldn't think of myself as Adam's \"user\": I'd assumed there was nothing to learn about him that he could not teach me himself. 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Soon these Adams and Eves were in despair. They couldn't understand us because we couldn't understand ourselves. Their learning programs couldn't accommodate us. If we didn't know our own minds, how could we design theirs and expect them to be happy alongside us? 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But this too is ultimately an indication of the meaning of “being human”...", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.112+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "562ba633-b38a-49e5-b904-e311470ab3d2", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": null, "kind": "quote", "text": "“Listen’, I said, ‘if he looks and sounds and behaves like a person, then as far as I’m concerned, that’s what he is” (McEwan 2019, 94).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Quote", "slug": "quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8fb-751e-8bc6-d58e2d59562a", "version": 1, "description": "Pull quote or testimonial." }, "tool": { "name": "Authority citation", "slug": "authority-citation", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd9e1-49ae-7557-89ad-3fca70469b45", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "Quoting an authority figure, study, or precedent to lend weight.", "familyLabel": null }, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-04-24 15:29:48+00", "model": "or:google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "019dd952-1044-75f9-bcff-b9f3659bba4b", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.02, "w": 0.4, "x": 0.3, "y": 0.68 }, "kind": "title", "text": "3.3 CHARACTERIZING THE HUMAN", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Title", "slug": "title", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f7dd-76d9-b848-b1f12bd85cf4", "version": 1, "description": "Slide title or headline." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Headline", "slug": "headline", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fae1-7463-9a7c-d60668eced0d", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "headline", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.112+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "e9e6f980-7b02-497f-8e9d-dbb4895df24e", "parentComponentId": null } ], "metrics": [], "tools": [], "frameworks": [], "arcBeats": [ { "to": 50, "arc": { "name": "The Transformation Tale", "slug": "transformation-tale", "status": "active", "bestFor": "Sales presentations, product launches, fundraising", "canonId": "019dd956-6128-70fa-9bff-ab3c0b4ad09f", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": "019df22a-2356-73eb-8061-d8c81dc0aa49", "structure": "Current Reality (Pain) -> Future Vision (Gain) -> The Bridge", "description": null, "familyLabel": null }, "from": 31, "name": "The Bridge", "beatId": "eb634b28-00a2-4115-a278-d3434663112d", "matchId": "a6425c9b-ed8b-451c-b3ca-74522df6abce", "beatType": { "name": "The Bridge", "slug": "transformation-tale-the-bridge", "status": "active", "canonId": "019dd9b8-2a87-70ce-999e-f64c0e545f5d", "version": 1, "description": null }, "evidence": "The document explores the relationship between humans and robots, and the need to conserve human culture.", "position": 1, "isPrimaryArc": true, "parentBeatType": { "name": "Resolution", "slug": "resolution", "status": "active", "canonId": "019dd9b8-045d-703b-8dd7-e92aba3ba91b", "version": 1, "description": "How the deck ends. 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IP address: 98.118.43.248, on 02 Dec 2025 at 21:17:41, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/D8CC33CF026507F324AF00CEEC7C894C", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Disclaimer", "slug": "disclaimer", "status": "active", "canonId": "91173477-d91f-4024-bbaf-d4f93e3f82dc", "version": 1, "description": "Legal/cautionary text that occupies most of the body of its slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:35.525+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "afdc71c8-aa84-450f-9cf1-45d85c8d10d7", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.71 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Apparently, emotions and lived experiences cannot simply be reduced to data and algorithms, even if algorithms are becoming ever smarter. Emotional as well as physical vulnerability, including diseases, that we feel (and fear) cannot be translated into technologies, in the foreseeable future – whereas in fiction, especially in novels or films, this boundary between humans and robots is messed about with. The young man who is actually a robot in the film Ich bin dein Mensch, for example, is deceptively similar to other men, and the woman scientist who is supposed to fall in love with him, or at least befriend him, is fundamentally insecure of her attitude toward him (Schrader 2021). The novel Klara and The Sun also plays with this boundary in unsettling ways: the Artificial Friend (AF) Klara is supposed to be a “friend” of Josie, who is a young teenage girl working for her exams (Ishiguro 2021). These exams are stressful and her", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:35.525+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "13b4901b-5a7f-427d-a7ad-6791b0c33f2d", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.21, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.44 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "This distinction is echoed by Pasquale when he writes that the practice of caring can’t be reduced – and shouldn’t be reduced – to instrumental relationships which are expressed by some changes in the expression of the mouth. I agree with Pasquale, that a society organizing institutional care for people along those lines would not be a society we would want to live in (see Chapter 4, by Pasquale). If we wanted robots to replace human care, then robots would have to be either very obviously only replacing human care in the instrumental and basic sense or able to express and behave precisely like humans in providing intentional care for the ill human. It is precisely this impossibility of translating human feelings (or should we say: humanity?) into technologies that limits robotization – at least for the time being.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:35.525+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "917dcd20-e3db-47df-b091-2e63a1f06fbc", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.35, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "thus “care robots” only in a behavioral sense of performing tasks in care environments, not in the sense in which a human “cares” for their patients. It appears that the experience of “being cared for” is based on this intentional sense of “care” only, a form of care which robots cannot provide – or at least not at this moment. This also shows that research on human-robot interaction is still far behind their aims: emotions, responsiveness, and sympathy cannot yet be translated into data and algorithms. However, these are human qualities and characteristics which are definitive of social interaction. Weber-Guskar (2021) discusses the possibility to use data and algorithms to build emotional robots (what she calls Emotional AI systems) and is critical concerning the development as well as the social function these robots would have in communication. Similarly, Darmanin (2019) argues that the attempts so develop robots with facial expressions close to human facial expressions are completely unconvincing. If you look at the examples accessible on the Internet, he seems to be right: emotions cannot be reduced to simple datapoints (you can see examples for different emotions, like happiness, anger, fear). 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Acquisiti, Alessandro... Barenboim, Daniel... Block, Alexis E...", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.546+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "cc59f693-581b-4419-9784-da0ce2c72ffa", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "being hurt in unknown ways. 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We may quickly find ourselves facing a textpocalypse, where machine-written language becomes the norm and human-written prose the exception” (Kirschenbaum 2023).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Disclaimer", "slug": "disclaimer", "status": "active", "canonId": "91173477-d91f-4024-bbaf-d4f93e3f82dc", "version": 1, "description": "Legal/cautionary text that occupies most of the body of its slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:30.781+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "68017436-ab6a-4aed-91dc-cae61d7e7494", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.82 }, "kind": "disclaimer", "text": "2 LLMs coupled with machine vision programs to evade CAPTCHAs (Completely Automated Public Turing tests to tell Computers and Humans Apart) are the specific disinformation, misinformation, and demoralization threat anticipated here. While disinformation and misinformation involve the weaponization of false information, demoralization of a group or polity can arise when its members or citizens are bombarded by one-sided narratives (of any level of truth) designed to instill shame and doubt about the group or polity, particularly when such narratives are sponsored by authoritarian regimes or extremists who severely limit or eliminate the exposure of their own subjects or followers to similarly demoralizing narratives. 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Not only is technology becoming more capable of simulating human thought, will, and emotional response, but it is doing so at an inhuman pace. A mere human manipulator can only learn from a limited number of encounters and resources; algorithms can develop methods of manipulation at scale,", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:30.781+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "10b365ca-b2c2-490e-8024-095a57f070c3", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.18, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.33 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Within a few years, machine-written language may become “the norm and human-written prose the exception” (Kirschenbaum 2023). Generative Artificial Intelligence is now poised to create profiles on social media sites and post far more than any human can – perhaps by orders of magnitude. Unscrupulous academics and public relations firms may use article-generating and -submitting artificial intelligence (AI) to spam journals and journalists. The science fiction magazine Clarkesworld closed down its open submission window in 2023 because of a deluge of content likely created by generative AI. There is already evidence of the weaponization of social media, and AI promises to supercharge it (Jankowicz 2020; Singer 2018).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:30.781+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "a09999e9-0536-41ac-b468-3f492b687aa5", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": null, "kind": "quote", "text": "Within a few years, machine-written language may become \"the norm and human-written prose the exception\" (Kirschenbaum 2023).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Quote", "slug": "quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8fb-751e-8bc6-d58e2d59562a", "version": 1, "description": "Pull quote or testimonial." }, "tool": { "name": "Authority citation", "slug": "authority-citation", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd9e1-49ae-7557-89ad-3fca70469b45", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "Quoting an authority figure, study, or precedent to lend weight.", "familyLabel": null }, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-04-24 15:29:54+00", "model": "or:google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "019dd952-1044-75f9-bd00-9198a9fcfbc0", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.18 }, "kind": "title", "text": "Cultural Foundations for Conserving 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This again affords computation, and those in control of its most advanced methods and widespread deployments, an outsized role in shaping future events, preferences, and values.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.055+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "576a6306-f098-47e3-8f0f-88736681de86", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.73 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Before diving into the argument, one prefatory note is in order. The sections that follow touch upon a wide range of cultural artefacts. There are spoilers, so if you intend to read, view, or listen to one of the works discussed, without being forewarned of some critical plot twist or character development, it may be wise to stop reading when it is mentioned. Unlike computers, we cannot simply delete", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.055+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "62f74a89-8128-4f5d-9cc0-71f3fbd14b19", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.2, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.52 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "I begin the argument in Section 4.1 by articulating how Rachel Cusk's (2017) novel Transit and Maria Schrader's film I'm Your Man suggest a range of ways to regard emerging AIs which simulate human expression. Each sympathetically describe a man and woman (respectively) comforted and intrigued by AI communications. Yet each work leaves no doubt that the AI and robotics it treats have done much to create the conditions of alienation and loneliness they promise to cure. Section 4.2 examines the long-term implications of such alienation, exploring works that attempt to function as a \"self-preventing prophecy\": Hari Kunzru's (2020) Red Pill and Lisa Joy and Jonathan Nolan's Westworld. Section 4.3 concludes with reflections on the politico-economic context of professed emotional attachments to AI and robotics.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.055+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "b22dfe68-d026-414c-89a3-365bbbdd925a", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.35, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.16 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Despite such clear and present dangers, many fiction and non-fiction works gloss over the problem of artificial intelligence overpowering natural thought, feeling, and insight. They instead present robots (and even operating systems and large language models) as sympathetic and vulnerable, deserving rights and respect now accorded to humans. Questioning such media representations of AI is a first step toward achieving the cultural commitments and sensibilities that will be necessary to conserve human capacities amidst the growing influence of what Lyotard (1992) deemed \"the inhuman\": systems that presume and promote the separability of the body from memory, will, and emotion. What must be avoided is a drift toward an evolutionary environment where individual decisions to overvalue, over-empower, and overuse AI advance machinic and algorithmic modes of thought to the point that distinctively human and non-algorithmic values are marginalized. Literature and film can help us avoid this drift by structuring imaginative experiences which vividly crystallize and arrestingly illuminate the natural tendencies of individual decisions.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.055+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "cbccdb1d-18c7-4538-9207-40a17021fb31", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.06, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.87 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "4 As James Boyd White (1989, 2016) has argued, \"A literary text is not a string of propositions, but a structured experience of the imagination, and it should be talked about in a way that reflects its character.\" A \"structured experience of the imagination\" does not offer us propositional truths about the world. However, it gives us a sense of what it means to \"live forwards\" (in Kierkegaard's formulation) even as we understand backwards.", "attrs": { "numbered": true }, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. Numbered footnotes use attrs.numbered." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.055+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "c8f688ac-e2eb-40de-a33b-5dff042713f6", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.82 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "3 For a review article compiling many non-fiction works that either reflect or document such sentiments, see Jamie Harris and Jacy Reese Anthis (2021). Novelists may also seek to cultivate such sentiments; see, e.g., Kazuo Ishiguro's (2021) Klara and the Sun.", "attrs": { "numbered": true }, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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Cusk includes a self-incriminating note in the divorcee's earnest endorsement of the", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:37.86+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "7797d20d-d946-438a-9932-f0445783de90", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.22, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.35 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Marking the importance of this oceanic metaphor in both style as well as substance, Cusk's story of the astrologer's letter has a tidal structure. 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The speaker is vulnerable and thoughtful: someone \"depressed in the wake of his divorce,\" who acknowledges that the very idea of a diffuse \"oceanic chorus\" of algorithmically arranged concern is \"maddening\" (3).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:37.86+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "9e41b793-e2b0-42e0-8fd9-44d5c64c4009", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.28, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.58 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Rather than crashing, this subtler, second plea for the value of the algorithmic recedes. Cusk does not leave us rolling our eyes at this junk email. She welcomes a voice in the novel that, in a sincere if misguided way, submits to an algorithmic flow of communication, embracing corporate communication strategy as concern. Cusk refuses to dismiss the idea, or to bluntly depict it as a symptom of some pathological misapprehension of the world. Her patience is reminiscent of Sarah Manguso's (2018) apothegm: \"Instead of pathologizing every human quirk, we should say: By the grace of this behaviour, this individual has found it possible to continue\" (44). Weighed down by depression, savaged by loneliness, a person may well seek scraps of solace wherever they appear. There are even now persons who profess to love robots (Danaher and Macarthur 2017; Levy 2008) or treat them with the respect due to a human. 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If a robot is roughly performatively equivalent to another entity whom, it is widely agreed, has significant moral status, then it is right and proper to afford the robot that same status. 2. Robots can be roughly performatively equivalent to other entities whom, it is widely agreed, have significant moral status. 3. 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(Danaher 2020, 2026)", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Quote", "slug": "quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8fb-751e-8bc6-d58e2d59562a", "version": 1, "description": "Pull quote or testimonial." }, "tool": { "name": "Authority citation", "slug": "authority-citation", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd9e1-49ae-7557-89ad-3fca70469b45", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "Quoting an authority figure, study, or precedent to lend weight.", "familyLabel": null }, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-04-24 15:29:54+00", "model": "or:google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "019dd952-1044-75f9-bd00-ab73e593ec25", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.02, "w": 0.28, "x": 0.36, "y": 0.05 }, "kind": "title", "text": "Conserving Human Culture in AI", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Title", "slug": "title", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f7dd-76d9-b848-b1f12bd85cf4", "version": 1, "description": "Slide title or headline." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Headline", "slug": "headline", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fae1-7463-9a7c-d60668eced0d", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "headline", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:32.59+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "351a45a0-14b4-468e-824c-64d4c49ae136", "parentComponentId": null } ], "metrics": [], "tools": [ { "tool": { "name": "Logical chain", "slug": "logical-chain", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd9e1-5104-702f-8953-85757af6553d", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "If-then, premise-conclusion, deductive chain.", "familyLabel": null, "categoryName": null, "categorySlug": null }, "agent": null, "layer": "slide", "agents": null, "matchId": "548ad518-efa9-492a-94ef-85af16508f4f", "evidence": "The text presents a logical argument about the moral status of robots and AI.", "pageRefs": null, "priority": null, "whenToUse": null, "confidence": 0.6, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 21:49:44.815836+00", "model": "or:meta-llama/llama-4-scout", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "pageNumber": 63, "whyItWorks": null, "antipattern": null, "cardinality": "common", "narrativePurpose": null } ], "frameworks": [ { "matchId": "ca2d3139-6a1b-424b-a3e0-c8d30175ebba", "evidence": "John Danaher (2020, 2023) has proposed 'ethical behaviourism' as a mode of 'welcoming robots into the moral circle'.", "framework": null, "confidence": 0.9, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:32.59+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "pageNumber": 63, "frameworkName": "ethical-behaviourism" } ], "arcBeats": [ { "to": 70, "arc": { "name": "The Transformation Tale", "slug": "transformation-tale", "status": "active", "bestFor": "Sales presentations, product launches, fundraising", "canonId": "019dd956-6128-70fa-9bff-ab3c0b4ad09f", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": "019df22a-2356-73eb-8061-d8c81dc0aa49", "structure": "Current Reality (Pain) -> Future Vision (Gain) -> The Bridge", "description": null, "familyLabel": null }, "from": 51, "name": "Future Vision (Gain)", "beatId": "35b8d5cd-6b25-42c2-88e8-d5008b76c1b2", "matchId": "a6425c9b-ed8b-451c-b3ca-74522df6abce", "beatType": { "name": "Future Vision (Gain)", "slug": "transformation-tale-future-vision-gain", "status": "active", "canonId": "019dd9b8-29ef-708e-ada4-cb8260fa5139", "version": 1, "description": null }, "evidence": "The document discusses the importance of preserving human culture and flourishing in a digital world.", "position": 2, "isPrimaryArc": true, "parentBeatType": { "name": "Turn", "slug": "turn", "status": "active", "canonId": "019dd9b8-0396-702b-ac2f-9901f8dd8b54", "version": 1, "description": "The pivot — solution proposed, catalyst introduced, decision made. 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If a driver must choose between running over a robot and a child, should they really worry about choosing the former? (Birhane et al. 2024). If behaviour, including speech, is all that matters, are humans under some moral obligation to promote \"self-reports\" or other evidence of well-being by AI and robots? In some accelerationist and transhumanist circles, the ultimate purpose and destiny of humans is to \"populate\" galaxies with as many \"happy\" simulations or emulations of human minds as possible.7 On this utilitarian framework, what matters is happiness, as verified behaviouristically: if a machine \"says\" it is happy, we are to take it at its word. But such a teleology is widely recognized as absurd, especially given the pressing problems now confronting so many persons on earth.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:36.718+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "0245c995-27ba-4fd7-a1be-68139a27d953", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.26 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "To be sure, humans are all to some extent \"programmed\" by their families, culture, workplaces, and other institutions. Free will is never absolute. But a critical part of human autonomy consists in the ability to reflect upon and revise such values, commitments, and habits, based on the sensations, thoughts, and texts that are respectively felt, developed, and interpreted through life. The ethical behaviourist may, in turn, point out that a robot equipped with a connection to ChatGPT's servers may be able to \"process\" millions more texts than a human could read in several lifetimes, and say or write texts that we would frequently accept as evidence of thought in humans. Nevertheless, the lack of sensation motivating both perception and affect remains, and it is hard to imagine a transducer capable of overcoming it (Pasquale 2002). More importantly, robot \"thoughts\" produced via current generative AI are far from human ones, as they are mere next-word or next-pixel predictions.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:36.718+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "1160236c-36dc-4cd4-9f37-5807d24e5f17", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.1 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "harmless animal which deserves our regard and support. Nevertheless, the programming problem still holds: a robotic doll that cries to, say, demand a battery recharge, could be programmed not to do so; indeed, it could just as plausibly convey anticipated pleasure at the \"rest\" afforded by time spent switched off. For such entities, emotion and communication have in stricto sensu no meaning whatsoever. Their \"expression\" is operational, functional, or, in Dan Burk's (2025) apt characterization, \"asemic\" (189).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:36.718+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "7a49b96a-03cd-4863-b8a1-c892256f2445", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.78 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "While often portrayed as a cosmopolitan openness to the value of computers and AI, the embrace of robots as deserving of moral regard is more accurately styled as", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:36.718+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "f7f307f9-8bfe-4ca2-8096-4aeb9eeb3a2f", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.1, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.84 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "7 See Emile Torres (2023) describing and critiquing long-termists' projection that \"humanity can theoretically exist on Earth for another 1 billion years, and if we spread into space, we could persist for at least 10^40 years (that's a 1 followed by 40 zeros). 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Tom can \"converse\" with her about her work, anticipate her needs and", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.788+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "1c79c684-d5d5-4884-824f-0c9a8cab542e", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.35, "w": 0.78, "x": 0.11, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "part of a suite of ideologies legitimating radical and controversial societal reordering. As Timnit Gebru and Emile Torres (2024) have explained, there is a close connection between Silicon Valley's accelerationist visions and a bundle of ideologies (Transhumanism, Extropianism, Singularitarianism, Cosmism, Rationalism, Effective Altruism, and Longtermism) which they abbreviate as TESCREAL. Once ideologies like transhumanism and singularitarianism have breached the boundary between persons' and computers' well-being (again assuming that the idea of computer well-being makes any more sense than, say, toaster well-being), long-term policy may well include and prioritize the development of particularly powerful and prevalent computation (such as \"artificial general intelligence\" or \"superintelligence\") over human well-being, just as some humans are inevitably helped more than others by any given policy. An abstract utilitarian meta-ethical stance, already far more open to wildly variant futures than more grounded virtue-oriented, natural law, and deontological approaches, becomes completely open-ended once the welfare of humans fails to be the fixed point of its individualistic, maximizing, consequentialism.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.788+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "29f12eef-5ec7-4caa-9280-b46ce475e6a1", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.32, "w": 0.78, "x": 0.11, "y": 0.47 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "A GPS system's simulation of kindness is far less a mechanization of compassion (if such a conversion of human emotion into mechanical action can even be imagined), than a corporate calculation to instil brand loyalty. Perhaps humans can learn something from emotion AI designed to soothe, support, and entertain. But the more such emotional states or manners are faked or forced, the more they become an operational mode of navigating the world, rather than an expression of one's own feelings. Skill degradation is one predictable consequence of many forms of automation; pilots, for example, may forget how to fly a plane manually if they over rely on autopilot. Skill degradation in the realm of feeling, or articulating one's feelings, is a troubling fate, foreshadowing a mechanization of selfhood, outsourced to the algorithms that tell a person what or how to feel (Pasquale 2015). Allison Pugh expertly anticipates the danger of efforts to automate both emotional and connective labour, given the sense of meaning and dignity that such work confers on both givers and receivers of care and concern (Pugh 2024).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.788+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "55e14c65-69d3-422a-a24f-7061e1e6f492", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.03, "w": 0.78, "x": 0.11, "y": 0.44 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Ethical behaviourism also reflects a rather naïve political economy of AI and robotics.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:31.788+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "936d7cae-4a57-4608-93b0-87df81eb161e", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.78, "x": 0.11, "y": 0.91 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "8 Critical data for today's affective computing arose in part from efforts to classify human emotions in order to teach social skills to autistic children. This therapeutic origin of the data is a double-edged sword, suggesting both a noble original mission and a danger of improper medicalization once it has been adopted beyond the therapeutic setting.", "attrs": { "numbered": true }, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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Kass (2008) articulates, “Like the downward pull of gravity without which the dancer cannot dance, the downward pull of bodily necessity and fate makes possible the dignified journey of a truly human life.” For “make a song” in Cave’s passage, we could include so many other human activities: run a mile, play a game of chess, teach a class, console a mourning person, order a drink. 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(Petrusich and Cave 2023)", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Quote", "slug": "quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8fb-751e-8bc6-d58e2d59562a", "version": 1, "description": "Pull quote or testimonial." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Pull quote", "slug": "pull-quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fbf9-76fe-97e1-a0b7540445c9", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "pull-quote", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:32.768+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "19ee70fc-703e-45a4-bc66-ed5b2be202b8", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": null, "kind": "quote", "text": "Maybe A.I. can make a song that's indistinguishable from what I can do. Maybe even a better song. But, to me, that doesn't matter - that's not what art is. 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At least in North America and Europe, they are often taught in ways that assume “algorithmic objectivity” and “technological autonomy.” This kind of thinking tends to privilege technocratic understandings over human experiences of a given phenomenon.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:39.911+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "9d10fc5d-5746-4dec-9f38-4f5cda4b581e", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.55 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The costs of this disconnection to the human were evident during the pandemic. Much evidence exists of data science disengagement from the questions about how algorithms will be used and of inevitabilism that data science will provide all necessary for a promised recovery and return to “normal.” Citizens were often told to simply “listen to the science.” Governments wished to be seen as “doing something” and tech companies promised that they could offer systems and software that would address the public health crisis effectively and rapidly.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:39.911+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "a1a6b120-bbae-4a95-bd32-56fb392ef2f9", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.35, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.2 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "This “disengagement” from the actual human effects and implications of data science is also highly visible in surveillance capitalism, as Shoshana Zuboff (2019) observes. It has much to do with what she calls “inevitabilism.” This doctrine of inevitabilism, from the “proselytizers of ubiquitous computing” states that what is currently partial will soon become a new phase of history where data science has relieved humanity of much tedious decision-making (Zuboff 2019: 194). Forget human agency and the choices of communities. Just stand by and watch “technologies work their will, resolutely protecting power from challenge” (Zuboff 2019, 224). For Google, one way for this to happen involves Sidewalk Labs, a smart city initiative under the Alphabet (Google’s parent company) umbrella. Such cities, one of which almost began life in Toronto, would have had “technology solve big urban problems” and “make a lot of money” (Zuboff 2019, 229). Among other things, Toronto’s Sidewalk Labs bid failed because someone asked the questions that Zuboff argues are too often forgotten, “Who knows? Who decides? 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In 2017, there were 235 skin cancer focused dermatology apps available on app stores (Flaten et al. 2018). In 2021, Google announced that it would be piloting its own dermatological assistant as an app, which would sit within Google search.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:36.981+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "05006451-6f73-42e8-8f6a-02b1470d2d25", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.218 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Computer vision has yielded systems that are valuable for the clinical diagnosis of skin conditions. Dermatologists, typically first to assess the likelihood that skin lesions are malignant, look at features, such as outline, dimensions, and color. Computerized visual learning systems, trained on vast numbers of cases, have improved significantly, according to research published in Nature in 2017 (Esteva et al. 2017). In this study, researchers trained a machine learning model with a dataset of 129,450 images, each labeled as cancerous or non-cancerous.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:36.981+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "4aa9c9c5-499c-42c3-a118-381590345dce", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.1, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.495 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Addressing the same question about automated mole recognition systems that we did about FRI; do they raise similar concerns about machine reading of the human body? We think not. 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IP address: 98.118.43.248, on 02 Dec 2025 at 21:17:41, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Disclaimer", "slug": "disclaimer", "status": "active", "canonId": "91173477-d91f-4024-bbaf-d4f93e3f82dc", "version": 1, "description": "Legal/cautionary text that occupies most of the body of its slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:36.767+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "2394b6d4-0ec5-474b-aa74-8f5436fee171", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.4, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.51 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Machine-readable humanity is an evocative idea, whose initial impact may be to stir alarm, possibly even repulsion or indignation. 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Feminism, by demanding an understanding of how gender and sexual difference figure in cultural dynamics coextensively with other modes of subjectivity and subjection...", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:38.309+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "8f31a5f8-130f-46eb-9a74-058613045bb2", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.1, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.75 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The point to remember here is that the relationship between human bodies and genders is contingent. Whereas human female and male bodies are distinguished by a great deal of variability, humanoid robot bodies are effectively used as platforms for reducing the relationship between bodies and genders from a contingent relationship to a fixed and necessary one (Robertson 2010, 6).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:38.309+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "bf90487c-a2f0-44ba-aba5-c7305076e5af", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.03, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.9 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "4 For a more extensive discussion of the relationship between visual culture, gender, race and technology, see Georas (2021).", "attrs": { "numbered": true }, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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The traditional feminist assumptions of gender as social and cultural and sex as biological and physical are recast by Butler, who contends that sex is culturally and discursively produced as pre-discursive. 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"density": "dense", "densityScore": 55, "componentCount": 5, "textChars": 3638, "nDataPoints": 0, "notes": "This appears to be a page from an academic book or journal article (page 110).", "elementsJson": [ "paragraph" ], "confidence": 0.9, "extraction": { "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:40.202+00", "seconds": 4.259, "promptVersion": "v2-canon-conditioned" } }, "links": { "slide": "/slides/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd59-dddef82be3b0/124", "deck": "/decks/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd59-dddef82be3b0", "deckAnchor": "/decks/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd59-dddef82be3b0#slide-124", "deckJson": "/decks/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd59-dddef82be3b0.json" }, "components": [ { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.35 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "An especially fascinating, powerful, and distinctive aspect of Petersen's model is the commodification of custom designed servitude. Rather than the vision of the colonial administration of an empire, it is a consumerist vision of individuals who go to a vending machine to custom design a slave, an intimate subjectivity of empire for John Doe, who can now have his own little colony of sentient servers to “orgasmic-ally” launder his clothes, presumably among many other duties.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:40.202+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "0b0c8701-013b-49e3-9483-9ccbd713e86c", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.5 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The notions available for understanding and evaluating humanness in the digital future are impoverished by this kind of theorization. For Petersen, sentience is premised upon the capacity of the human to act upon one's desires, which are hardwired into the robot. Desire here is a highly reductive and deterministic conception of desire by design. He articulates a linear theory of causality from design to desire, systemically hardwired to produce servants who happily do laundry. As already addressed, despite Petersen's contention that the artificial persons that emerge from the Person-O-Matic act freely when choosing to serve, the fact that their design, if it is successful, precludes the possibility of not wanting to serve raises serious doubts as to whether the robots are actually exercising their free will to do their labors. This resonates with Murakami Woods' critique, in Chapter 2, of digital imaginaries that nudge humanness into commercially profitable and instrumental boxes.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:40.202+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "0e43706b-35c4-4cbe-977f-8e8759996df5", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.2, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.75 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "One of the central problems of Petersen's conception of robot sentience – like Murakami Wood's smart city denizen – is precisely that it is trapped within a narrow understanding of self-determination. This conception does not consider the social and historical constitution of subjectivities within cultural parameters that vary and produce contingent desires that are not reducible to the underlying hardwiring (genetic or otherwise). Desire is always multifaceted and leads to unintended consequences, even in excess, incomprehensible even for the subject that desires. Hence, once an artificial being acquires an emoting sentience of some sort, engineering identities is not a case of linear causalities that follow an imaginary teleology of desire in a genetic or computational fantasy of hardwiring. Hardwiring, genetic/computational engineering, and natural selection are the names of Petersen's “game” and, as a result, Petersen is not engaging with the social production and cultural inscription of sentient robot subjectivities and, accordingly, he occludes the", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:40.202+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "4b94c367-beae-4333-8495-d011aff39acd", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.1 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "or the native excesses that collapsed the discursive strictures of colonial otherness and destabilized the neat hierarchies imposed by the imperial discourses. Empires had to deal with the massive failure of their fantasies regarding the imaginary subservience and inferiority of others, but a digital future built on Petersen's model is actually much more violent because desire by design hardwires pleasure in serving the masters. It basically precludes dissent, either because their lesser sentience has been designed effectively or because the dissent is a highly remote possibility. 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In addition, it can undermine the process of human intergenerational learning of caregiving skills for the elderly and stymy opportunities for emotional and social growth that occur when we act selflessly and out of concern for others.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:40.328+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "10662ccb-19e7-41ee-af85-ae95dd6ec833", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.32, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.29 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "For Latour, the relationship of people to machines is not reducible to the sum of its parts but rather adds up to a complex emergent agency. Beyond Winner’s concern over the embedding of social values in technologies, Latour deploys the notion of the delegation of humanness into technologies. Technological fixes can thus deskill people in a moral sense (Latour 1992). This process of deskilling acquires special relevance in the context of using carebots and how it can undermine human learning and development acquired in caregiving settings. Of special relevance here is Vallor’s work on the ethical implications of carebots in terms of a dimension that has been ignored within the literature, that is, “the potential moral value of caregiving practices for caregivers” (Vallor 2011, 251). By examining the goods internal to caring practices, she attempts to “shed new light on the contexts in which carebots might deprive potential caregivers of important moral goods central to caring practices, as well as those contexts in which carebots might help caregivers sustain or even enrich those practices, and their attendant goods” (Vallor 2011, 251).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:40.328+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "a9a53bf7-cccc-4fc7-9b19-cc9d2f369760", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.21 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Although I do not underestimate what carebots could mean for elderly people, in this final section I raise some final thoughts about what I call the Carebot Industrial Complex, namely, the collective warehousing of aging populations in automated facilities populated by carebots.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:40.328+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "ae0c789e-99ca-48c3-906a-44e698e14d2b", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.07, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.76 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Turkle’s arguments on the evocative instantiations of robotic pets, some of which have been deployed as part of elder care, can be extended to the broader concern over the emotional identification of elderly people with future carebots. For instance, in her fieldwork on elders’ interaction with pet robots, specifically Paro, a pet seal, Turkle asks:", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:40.328+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "c2d94b78-f721-4551-99dd-be5345dc714a", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.84 }, "kind": "quote", "text": "But what are we to make of this transaction between a depressed woman and a robot? When I talk to colleagues and friends about such encounters – for Miriam’s story is not unusual – their first associations are usually to their pets and the solace they provide. 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Walker, Mark. “Mary Poppins 3000s of the World Unite: A Moral Paradox in the Creation of AI.”", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:39.408+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "6312e63f-175a-4c6d-8d0a-066ade8d991b", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.12, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.16 }, "kind": "list", "text": "“Interview: MIT’s Dr. Sherry Turkle Discusses Robotic Companionship.” National Public Radio, May 11, 2001. “Relational Artifacts with Children and Elders: The Complexities of Cybercompanionship.” Connection Science 18, no. 4 (2006): 347–361.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:39.408+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "66fbf342-757b-4f88-9e82-35adee7cd347", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.12, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "list", "text": "Torrance, Steve. “Ethics and Consciousness in Artificial Agents.” Artificial Intelligence & Society 22, no. 4 (2008): 495–521. 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The Lybian desert red with immigrant bodies, the Gulf of Aden bloated, the city of Rome with no jacket.", "pageRefs": null, "priority": null, "whenToUse": null, "confidence": 0.6, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-16 21:49:42.28733+00", "model": "or:meta-llama/llama-4-scout", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "pageNumber": 143, "whyItWorks": null, "antipattern": null, "cardinality": null, "narrativePurpose": null } ], "frameworks": [], "arcBeats": [], "loops": [], "locked": true }, { "page": 144, "type": "appendix", "title": "This is a page from an academic book chapter by Azadeh Akbari.", "function": "summarize", "rawType": "other", "block": null, "metadata": { "slideType": "other", "slideTypeCanon": { "name": "Other (fallback)", "slug": "other", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52d-0af5-71ed-83de-d51ae245fc43", "version": 1, "description": null }, "function": "summarize", "functionCanon": { "name": "Summarize", "slug": "summarize", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52d-1541-704f-b86f-bf7b75056373", "version": 1, "description": null }, "density": "dense", "densityScore": 63, "componentCount": 6, "textChars": 3356, "nDataPoints": 0, "notes": "This is a page from an academic book chapter by Azadeh Akbari.", "elementsJson": [ "paragraph", "footnote" ], "confidence": 0.9, "extraction": { "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:41.855+00", "seconds": 3.619, "promptVersion": "v2-canon-conditioned" } }, "links": { "slide": "/slides/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd59-dddef82be3b0/144", "deck": "/decks/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd59-dddef82be3b0", "deckAnchor": "/decks/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd59-dddef82be3b0#slide-144", "deckJson": "/decks/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd59-dddef82be3b0.json" }, "components": [ { "bbox": null, "kind": "callout", "text": "The subjectivating effect of surveillance, then, is instantly interlinked with basic rights and the meaning of being human.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Callout", "slug": "callout", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8d3-761a-8953-7d37080de5e2", "version": 1, "description": "Highlighted callout box." }, "tool": { "name": "Visual emphasis", "slug": "visual-emphasis", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd9e1-474b-736b-a8eb-a794dd88241c", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "Drawing the eye to one element above the rest of the slide.", "familyLabel": null }, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-04-24 15:30:07+00", "model": "or:google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "019dd952-1044-75f9-bd06-4bbe2a691ef9", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.35, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.5 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The scholarship on datafication, surveillance and digital transformation in the 2000s is infatuated with what can be called the demise of the material body. The speed of datafication and digital change lead to the idea that the surveillance society gives rise to disappearing bodies (Lyon 2001); the body is datafied and represented through data in a way that its materiality is obscured. Although such conceptualizations had been formerly discussed, especially by feminist and queer scholars, the liberatory nature of these feminist interpretations of cyborg bodies (Haraway 1985) and body assemblages were not transferred into these new understandings of datafied and surveilled body. In their influential essay on surveillant assemblages, Haggerty and Ericson compare the digital era with Rousseau’s proclamation, “man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains” by claiming that nowadays “humans are born free, and are immediately electronically monitored” (Haggerty and Ericson 2000, 611). The subjectivating effect of surveillance, then, is instantly interlinked with basic rights and the meaning of being human. The body, they argue, is positioned within this surveillance assemblage: it is “broken down into a series of discrete signifying flows” (Haggerty and Ericson 2000, 612). Contrary", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:41.855+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "6156916c-fe1c-43ca-af91-acb40e8a503f", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.35, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.1 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "as algorithmic bias, were already warned about, and the ramifications of their discriminatory assumption for marginalized people were highlighted at the end of the 1980s (Gandy 1989). Similarly, the predictive character of aggregated data and the consequences of profiling were analysed (Marx 1989). From these early engagements, many instances of showing how routinely technologies are used to govern, datafy and surveil the body developed (see, e.g. Bennett et al. 2014). Additionally, surveillance scholars discussed how the “boundary between the body itself and information about that body” is increasingly transforming (Van der Ploeg 2012, 179). Building on this rich body of literature and personal experiences of immigration, exile and entrapment, this chapter revisits the body, being uncomfortable in/with/within it and yet being aware of its power to define if one is considered human enough to bear rights, feelings and existence. Similar to the chapter’s movement between boundaries of the material and virtual, the text also oscillates between academic thinking, autobiographical accounts, pictures and poesy; denoting the discomfort of being in a Code/Body.3 In this chapter, poetic language remedies the absence of the performative to help with the linguistic distress for finding the right words to describe embodied feelings.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:41.855+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "9b3380f1-7848-41f5-a932-d8c30abbca54", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": null, "kind": "quote", "text": "man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Quote", "slug": "quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8fb-751e-8bc6-d58e2d59562a", "version": 1, "description": "Pull quote or testimonial." }, "tool": { "name": "Authority citation", "slug": "authority-citation", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd9e1-49ae-7557-89ad-3fca70469b45", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "Quoting an authority figure, study, or precedent to lend weight.", "familyLabel": null }, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-04-24 15:30:07+00", "model": "or:google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "019dd952-1044-75f9-bd06-4dab6e315ec2", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.1, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.85 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "3 The combination of Code/Body is first used by Suneel Jethani (2020) in their paper on self-tracking and mediating the body. The paper uses the similar notion of Code/Body or coded body to represent the hybrid or networked body. However, my chapter’s theoretical perspective differentiates between Code/Body and coded body and furthers the concept of Code/Body beyond self-quantification. This text is inspired by my lecture-performance at PACT Zollverein Performing Arts Theatre in Essen, Germany in 2023.", "attrs": { "numbered": true }, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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IP address: 98.118.43.248, on 02 Dec 2025 at 21:17:41, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/D8CC33CF026507F324AF00CEEC7C894C", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Disclaimer", "slug": "disclaimer", "status": "active", "canonId": "91173477-d91f-4024-bbaf-d4f93e3f82dc", "version": 1, "description": "Legal/cautionary text that occupies most of the body of its slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:42.813+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "728cacb2-19fe-4b8d-9db9-ddb06be2daa3", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.22, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.74 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Following the global digital transformation, discussions on issues of privacy, data protection, algorithmic harm and similar have entered the academic discourse and public debate. The recent years have seen an increase in reporting about the Big Tech companies as emerging new actors in the international governance realm. However, only those events that entail geopolitical or socio-economic relations to the Western countries are deemed relevant. For example, the news of Chinese payment methods through facial recognition technology rapidly reached the Western media (Agence France-Presse 2019) but much less attention was paid to the internal politics of digitalization in the Global South or the new e-governance measures of international governance institutions. This reluctance is intensified", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:42.813+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "1a8c2e0c-2092-41f4-bdcc-d90a1cf70b46", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.07, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.1 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "to the Foucauldian way of monitoring, the body needs to be fragmented to be observed. Fragments can be combined or re-combined into “data-doubles”: ones that “transcend human corporeality and reduce flesh to pure information” (Haggerty and Ericson 2000, 613).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:42.813+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "34d155d5-2900-4b67-a168-0227b09eac38", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.48, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.18 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The scholarly debates on bodies in the following two decades were centred around the transformation of the body “via practices of socio-technical intermediation” (French and Smith 2016, 9). The body and its datafication, visualization, mediation and multiplication have become increasingly important. Research about sorting, profiling and reification of marginal identities (or race/gender/class/etc.), inclusion and exclusion proliferates and successfully demonstrates how bias, racism, oppression and discrimination are injected into digital lives. The data double revealed the concurrent processes of the body’s objectification – to transform its characteristics to data – and its subjectivation due to the socio-technical processes of datafication. As Zuboff assertively writes in The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, “the body is simply a set of coordinates in time and space where sensation and action are translated as data” (Zuboff 2019, 203). In this reading of the body, behavioural surplus is the engine of surveillance capitalism and the body is only another source of data. However, recent technological advancements, especially in using bodily features for identification, have started to expand and reconfigure such accounts. More recent studies underline the body’s centrality, for example, in big data surveillance and manipulation of the “surveilled subject’s embodied practices” (Ball et al. 2016) or critically examine how biometric technologies transform the relationships between the body and privacy (Epstein 2016). It is argued that data body is not only a change in how bodies are represented but there exists an ontological change: the materiality of the body “and our subjective forms of embodiment that are caught in this historical process of change” (Van der Ploeg 2012, 179). 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IP address: 98.118.43.248, on 02 Dec 2025 at 21:17:41, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/D8CC33CF026507F324AF00CEEC7C894C", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Disclaimer", "slug": "disclaimer", "status": "active", "canonId": "91173477-d91f-4024-bbaf-d4f93e3f82dc", "version": 1, "description": "Legal/cautionary text that occupies most of the body of its slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:48.332+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "7ec02a3f-24fd-423d-aaab-76561e6c8986", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.29, "w": 0.75, "x": 0.125, "y": 0.095 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "reconfigured very differently. Heartbeats mean one thing on a smartwatch at a spinning class and another when sitting behind a lie detector machine at a border detention centre. Such politics of being are not only about positionality and “where we are” but also include temporality and “when we are.” I was held twice at the UK border detention centre despite having a valid visa. On both occasions, a sympathetic border officer took upon himself the time-consuming task of removing me from the “bad list.” It feels like a wonder that, within 40 minutes, a detained suspicious person, banished to a corner of the airport under the watchful eyes of a guard, turns into a legal traveller. Like a thing, the body can be understood as “a temporary moment in an endless process of assembling materials, a partial stabilisation and a fragile accomplishment that is always inexorably becoming something else, somewhere else” (Gregson et al. 2010, 853). 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The more the body is datafied, the more physical it becomes.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:48.332+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "bbc9b6b2-9d16-45b2-aa92-6131e8f5e7b2", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.12, "w": 0.75, "x": 0.125, "y": 0.825 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "I had lived in London for 4 years and, after giving up my residency and returning to Iran, my tourist visa application was rejected. I was confused: I used to belong, work, live and actively participate in British society. Why was I suddenly out? Curiously, the judge had suggested since I can use technologies such as Skype to contact my friends in the UK, my human rights are not deemed to be violated. The code kept my body outside through its affordances to bring us closer. The movement", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:48.332+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "cd9d9d0e-6057-4318-b83b-0cdb45b117d6", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.38, "w": 0.75, "x": 0.125, "y": 0.44 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The Code/Body blurs not only the virtual-material binaries but also nuances the politics of sorting by questioning the discourse of inclusion-exclusion through digital technologies, platforms and algorithms. Code/Body extends concepts such as the mediated body or the quantified self to propose an existential situation where the self stops to exist outside the code. This newly contended notion of self is the prerequisite of citizenship in the smart cities – the utopian dream of an urban life, which all societies are ambitiously moving towards. In future smart cities, we will not only witness behaviour nudging or the gamification of obedience (Botsman 2017); cities will be transformed into experimental labs, where the urban citizen is produced through measuring (Mattern 2016). On top of gathering data through sensors, following the movements and urban flows, and closely watching the bodies, the body becomes an instrument of belonging. To be in, it needs to be outed. The body needs to be thoroughly datafied to become integrated into the smart infrastructure of the city. Living in the Code/Body is a constant ride on a Moebius ring: the inside and outside depend on one how one defines their situation or how their situation is defined for them. The Code/Body could belong to an urban assemblage at a specific time and lose all its association by a slight change in the code in the next second. In Figure 9.1, I have drawn a Moebius ring on the verdict of my complaint against UK immigration’s refusal of my tourist visa.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:48.332+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "fe34c74c-8f2c-4cf8-ad16-c958705ad13c", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": null, "kind": "quote", "text": "Like a thing, the body can be understood as 'a temporary moment in an endless process of 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The following quote from a Somali refugee (now residing in Europe) initially shocks the reader: Did they drown?", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:41.199+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "18a4e474-5d02-4eef-b82d-2d38dd072254", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.03, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.82 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "FIGURE 9.1 Mobius strip on Immigration Courts' verdict © Azadeh Akbari, 2023", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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The more some lives are exposed to precarity of intense datafication, some bodies are forced to give away their unscrupulous owner. Surveilling and constant measuring of the Code/Body assures that these lives remain precarious. 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An interaction or exchange is procedurally unfair if the process is defective. Substantive unfairness, by contrast, is a feature of outcomes.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:47.261+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "203b0b79-ae69-4197-9005-44c98b2c2f31", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "about exploitation more broadly, in some cases outside of economic life altogether (Goodin 1987). 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"groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-04-24 15:30:09+00", "model": "or:google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "019dd952-1044-75f9-bd07-c1e8a6e8e460", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.18, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.14 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Some argue that exploitation is wrong solely in virtue of one or another of these moral considerations – at bottom, it is either unfair or degrading – and such theorists have worked to show that certain cases intuitively cast in one moral frame can be explained equally well or better through another. For the present purposes, I follow theorists who adopt a more pluralistic approach and define wrongful exploitation as Matt Zwolinski (2012) does: taking advantage of someone in an unfair or degrading way.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:45.025+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "2b491c57-2432-42bd-8525-4b0401762da0", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.44 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "If exploitation is taking advantage of someone in an unfair or degrading way, and what enables exploitation – what induces someone to accept unfair terms of exchange or what makes taking advantage of such terms degrading – is the exploit-tee's vulnerability (the fact that they lack decent alternatives), then identifying exploitation is partly an empirical exercise. It requires asking, on a case-by-case basis: Are people vulnerable? What are their options? Are platforms taking advantage of them?", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:45.025+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "44ca5c85-6cac-4b8c-ade5-fa51eeeebfff", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.38 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "A first question, then, is whether the kinds of practices I described at the start reflect these normative problems. Are platforms exploiting people?", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:45.025+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "d48fc1d7-7311-48ad-8014-6a8ca4269ffd", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.3, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.6 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "However, that need not prevent us from generalizing a little. Returning to the alleged abuses by gig economy companies, we can now recast them in this frame. Recall the FTC's concern that gig platforms set prices using \"non-transparent algorithms.\" Reporting on ethnographic work in California's gig-based ride hail industry, legal scholar Veena Dubal describes drivers struggling to understand how the prices they're paid for individual rides are set, why different drivers are paid different rates for similar rides, or how to increase their earnings. Not only because the algorithms powering ride-hail apps are opaque, but because they set prices dynamically: \"You've got it figured out, and then it all changes,\" one driver recounts (Dubal 2023, 1964). Using the language developed in Section 10.1, we can describe this opacity and dynamism as sources of procedural unfairness – whether the terms of exchange reached are fair or not, the process of reaching them is one in which drivers are disempowered relative to the gig platforms they are \"negotiating\" with.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:45.025+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "e1c5a332-6183-4954-b0c3-0d9f9cd869e2", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": null, "kind": "quote", "text": "You've got it figured out, and then it all changes.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Quote", "slug": "quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8fb-751e-8bc6-d58e2d59562a", "version": 1, "description": "Pull quote or testimonial." }, "tool": { "name": "Authority citation", "slug": "authority-citation", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd9e1-49ae-7557-89ad-3fca70469b45", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "Quoting an authority figure, study, or precedent to lend weight.", "familyLabel": null }, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-04-24 15:30:09+00", "model": "or:google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "019dd952-1044-75f9-bd07-c6e44af8ea75", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.06, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.9 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "14 For an overview and argument in favor of a pluralist approach, see Snyder (2010). 15 Veena Dubal (2023). See also, Zephyr Teachout (2023). 16 Even describing the process as a negotiation is perhaps too generous – drivers simply have the option of accepting a ride and the designated fare or not.", "attrs": { "numbered": true }, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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Tim Hwang and others argue that behavioural advertising simply doesn't work – the predictions sold to sellers are largely wrong and the ads they direct rarely get us to buy anything (Hwang 2020). But, as Hwang points out, that does not mean people do not benefit from online advertising. We benefit from it, enjoying for free all the services digital ads underwrite, which we would have to pay for if the ads went away. On this view, personal data is a conduit carrying money from the advertising budgets of sellers into the hands of app makers and producers of online content (with, again, the surveillance industry collecting its cut along the way). 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I turn now to the latter: what platforms are, how they can engage in these different forms of exploitation, and what role digital technology specifically is playing in all of this.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:44.597+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "5a66cce1-b92c-472d-89b4-7d5ef89aebec", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.2, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.1 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "two options: accept the terms or forego the service. As many have argued, this rarely amounts to a real choice. If, for example, one is required to use Microsoft Office or Google Docs as part of their job, are they meaningfully free to refuse the surveillance that comes with it? Put another way, many people are in a real sense dependent on digital technologies – for their jobs, at school, in their social lives – and surveillance advertisers, unfairly, take advantage of that dependency for their own gain.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:44.597+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "5ffba156-b00d-4574-a274-6399b3861872", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.3, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.22 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Having said that, it is worth asking further questions about how those gains are distributed – who benefits from this system? Much of the value derived from surveillance advertising obviously flows directly into the industry's own coffers: revenue from online advertising accounts for the vast majority of profits at Google and Facebook, the two largest industry players (Hwang 2020). But where does the surplus come from? According to one view, elaborated most dramatically by Shoshana Zuboff, the surplus comes from us. It is a “behavioural surplus” – information about our individual desires, habits, and hang-ups, used to steer us toward buying stuff (Zuboff 2019). According to this argument, personal information and the predictions they make possible are merely conduits, carrying money from regular people's pockets into the hands of companies running ads (with the surveillance industry taking a cut along the way). In other words, data subjects are being exploited for the benefit of advertisers and sellers.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:44.597+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "95864291-97f2-4c45-a372-63211f6d254b", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.88 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "21 For an overview, see Susser (2019). 22 For a more careful investigation into this question and its implications, see Daniel Susser and Vincent Grimaldi (2021).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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TikTok, Instagram, and social media platforms more broadly find audiences for content creators and advertisers who will pay to reach them. Gig economy platforms, like Uber and Lyft, facilitate exchanges between workers and people in need of their labor. As Tarleton Gillespie (2010, 4) points out, the term “platform” misleadingly brings to mind a sense of neutrality: “platforms are typically flat, featureless, and open to all.” In fact, digital platforms work tirelessly to shape the interactions they host and to influence the people involved. As we’ve seen, they do this by carefully designing technical affordances (such as opaque and personalized pricing algorithms) and by pressing economic advantages (when, for example, they leverage venture capital to underprice incumbents and eliminate competition).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:45.153+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "38dce6c2-7d18-43cd-abac-8e65cbe7f438", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.18, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The term “platform” is used in multiple registers. In some contexts, it is used to describe a set of companies – for example, Amazon, ByteDance, Meta, or Google. In other contexts, the term is used to describe the heterogeneous set of digital technologies such companies build, deploy, and use to generate revenues – for example, Amazon’s marketplace, the TikTok or Instagram apps, or Google’s digital advertising service. 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Platform-mediated work is a case in point: while not all employers exploit their employees, the labor/management relationship is frequently a place where worries about exploitation arise, and digital platforms breathe new life into these old concerns.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:45.153+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "a7e6ab8a-2e6f-4ae8-a506-fb38a12afb4d", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.14, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.73 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Indeed, platforms can increase the capacity of exploiters to take advantage of exploitees by enabling exploitation at scale, expanding the reach of exploitative firms and growing the pool of potential exploitees (Pfotenhauer et al. 2022). Gig app firms, based in Silicon Valley and operated by a relatively small number of engineers, managers, and executives, profit from workers spread throughout the world – in 2022, for example, Uber had 5 million active drivers worldwide (Biron 2022). Moreover, as we have seen, these dynamics are visible in the broader phenomenon", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:45.153+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "b4142f16-261b-4cd2-99cb-e7c501a35fe6", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.07, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.52 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "So: platforms mediate and structure relationships. Some of these relationships have long existed and have often been sites of exploitation; when platforms enter the picture, they perpetuate and profit from them. Other relationships are new – innovations in exploitation particular to the platform age.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:45.153+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "dbd0aa89-cc57-431f-92be-cfc9abbaf32d", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": null, "kind": "quote", "text": "platforms are typically flat, featureless, and open to all. — Tarleton Gillespie (2010, 4)", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Quote", "slug": "quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8fb-751e-8bc6-d58e2d59562a", "version": 1, "description": "Pull quote or testimonial." }, "tool": { "name": "Authority citation", "slug": "authority-citation", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd9e1-49ae-7557-89ad-3fca70469b45", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "Quoting an authority figure, study, or precedent to lend weight.", "familyLabel": null }, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-04-24 15:30:14+00", "model": "or:google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "019dd952-1044-75f9-bd09-292c72f7f3f1", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.04, "w": 0.76, "x": 0.12, "y": 0.88 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "23 Pfotenhauer et al. 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Without knowing (or at least being able to make an educated guess about) why a seller has offered a particular price, and without being able to see what prices other buyers in the marketplace are paying, buyers are placed at a significant disadvantage when bargaining with sellers. And lest one think this is “merely” an issue when shopping online, think again: retailers have tested personalized pricing systems for physical stores, where cameras and other tracking technologies identify particular customers and electronic price tags vary prices accordingly (Seele et al. 2021). 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In part, this means utilizing the particular affordances of digital platforms to take advantage of existing vulnerabilities sellers couldn’t previously leverage. Specifically, platforms enable the collection of detailed personal information about each individual buyer, including information about their preferences, finances, and purchasing histories, which are highly relevant to decisions about pricing. And platforms can analyze that information to make predictions about buyer willingness to pay on-the-fly, dynamically adjusting prices in the moment for different buyers (Seele et al. 2021). 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The parallels, and distinctions, between information networks and algorithmically controlled mobility systems can help anticipate and inform ethical design and regulatory responses in the mobility context as they provide a roadmap to encourage designers and policymakers to develop socio-technical design specifications, and consider the ways that regulation can promote or constrain human mobility. This section provides a brief overview of the main technical, political, and ethical issues in net neutrality, including the concepts of “discrimination,” “non-discrimination,” and “neutrality,” and technical and ethical concerns related to Deep Packet Inspection and the legal concept of “common carriage.”", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:46.555+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "3cdee7cb-20d2-46af-b55e-3f4fc2fa33bb", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.38 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Data packets, generally consisting of a header and a payload, can be thought of as the basic units of Internet communication. All information sent over the Internet (e.g. emails, movies, cat memes, Instagram posts, and TikToks) is broken up into smaller chunks of data that are packaged up as one or more data packets. If multiple packets are needed to carry the transmitted information, as they usually are, the divisions between packets are made automatically. Each individual packet is then sent to its destination separately, along whatever route is most convenient at the time (Indiana University 2018). Packet headers include high-level routing information, such as the packet’s source, destination IP addresses, and information instructing how to correctly assemble multiple packets together when they reach their destination (Indiana University 2018). The remainder of the packet is referred to as the payload, containing chunks of the transmitted information.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:46.555+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "43db2bac-5fb1-4203-94fa-166cf45ec431", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.68 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Early in the Internet’s history, communications between people were divided into packets of information that travelled from one place to another with very little oversight. In this early “network of Eden” (Parsons 2013, 14), packets were only subjected to Shallow Packet Inspection (SPI) techniques. As the name implies, SPI is designed only to allow network routers to access high-level information about the packet delivery instructions, that is, SPI limits the inspection to the packet headers (Parsons 2013). Thus, an Internet Service Provider (ISP), using network routers designed to limit routing decisions based on SPI, might examine the source IP address of the packet, the packet identification number, or the kind of protocol the specific packet uses, but would not typically have access to the packet content itself. Thus, SPI is used primarily as a routing tool, much like addresses on envelopes travelling through the post. 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In the United States, there are deep historical links between credit reporting and racial discrimination (Hoffman 2021), and that relationship extends solidly into the present, creating self-reinforcing circuits that operate to prevent access to a wide variety of basic needs, including housing (Leiwant 2022; Poon 2009; Smith and Vogell 2022) and employment (Traub 2014). In municipal and state systems nation-wide, unpaid fines for low-level offenses routinely become justifications for arrest and imprisonment, creating new data streams that feed back into the credit reporting system (Bannon et al. 2010).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:50.295+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "16d491cd-0455-418e-a642-9e708a82f2ab", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.2, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.1 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "consumer devices in a manner that creates profound data security threats (Rowe 2020). India's Aadhaar system of biometric authentication, which relies on digital-ized fingerprinting, was justified as a public welfare measure, but works least well for the least fortunate - for example, manual laborers whose fingerprints may have been worn away or damaged (Singh and Jackson 2017). At the same time, the privatization of the \"India stack\" has created a point of entry for various commercial and extractive ventures (Hicks 2020).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:50.295+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "4eb55fc3-13c6-47ed-ae8e-b12364cc31c4", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.55 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The other half of the existential dilemma to which this section's title refers, however, is that governing complex societies requires techniques for governing at scale. Some functions of good governance relate to due process in enforcement. I do not mean this to refer to policing but rather more generally to the ability to afford process and redress to those harmed by private or government actors. For some time now, atomistic paradigms of procedural due process have been buckling under the strain of large numbers. The data protection notion of a \"human in the loop\" is no panacea for the defects embedded in current pattern-driven processes (e.g. Crootof et al. 2023; Green 2022), but, even if it were, it simply isn't possible to afford every type of complaint that a human being might lodge within a bureaucratic system the type of process to which we might aspire.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:01:50.295+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "a9ae86b2-4c07-42e1-af7a-c2546e12511b", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.8 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Other functions of good governance are ameliorative. Governments can and do (and must) provide a variety of important public benefits, and surveillance implementations intersect with these in at least three ways. First, surveillance can be used (and misused) to address problems of inclusion. Failure to afford inclusion creates what Gilman and Green (2018) term \"surveillance gaps\" in welfare and public health systems. Second, distributing government benefits without some method of accounting for them invites fraud - not by needy beneficiaries too often demonized in narratives about responsibility and advantage-taking, but rather by powerful actors and garden-variety scammers seeking to enrich themselves at the public's expense (AFREF et al. 2021; Podkul 2021). Third, mechanisms for levying and collecting tax revenues to fund public benefits and other public works invite evasion by wealthy and well-connected individuals and organizations (Global Alliance for Tax Justice 2021; Guyton et al. 2021; ICIJ 2021). 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The first two constraints, sectoral fidelity and data parsimony, are necessary to counteract surveillance mission creep. Policymakers must ask more precise questions about the particular sustainability function to which a proposed implementation relates and must insist on regimes that advance that function and no others. And the formal commitment to sectoral fidelity must be supported by a mandate for parsimonious design that, wherever possible and to the greatest extent possible, prevents collected data from migrating into new surveillance implementations. The third constraint is distributive justice. Policymakers must interrogate existing and proposed surveillance implementations through an equity lens and, as necessary, abandon or radically modify those that reinforce or increase pre-existing inequities. 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