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Recycled copper accounted for about 32% of copper demand during the last decade, according to the International Copper Association, and will only grow as more EVs, batteries and other energy components reach the end of their life.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:05:04.845+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "4262b88e-bb54-481b-9ee5-54fb584ca9e1", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.12, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.24, "y": 0.81 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Of course, the problem is not only mining's to solve. Engineering advances across other industries can reduce the need for copper in EVs, batteries and other energy technologies and assets. For example, the use of aluminium in underground and subsea cables is likely to reduce demand for copper by more than one-third from current levels. But this may further complicate the issue - shifting demand away from copper will impact its investability. And this may be the biggest hurdle of all. To meet forecast demand, investment in copper mining will need to increase to more than US$250b a year by 2030, up from around US$105b today. 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One wind turbine includes three tonnes of it, and building an EV requires six times as much as a conventional car. But supply is struggling to keep up with demand, which is forecast to almost double by 2035.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:05:04.845+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "d5b8f69a-1016-4800-8bbb-4fa20975ba72", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.72, "x": 0.24, "y": 0.48 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "How can miners solve the problem? It's complicated. New mines are part of the answer, but they take decades to come online. In the meantime, some companies are expanding brownfield sites, while others are reopening closed mines. But boosting supply at speed will depend on more novel approaches, including innovation that helps miners get more copper from existing reserves, and unexpected sources. Acid leaching to extract copper from waste rock is not new, but Rio Tinto and partners have developed a secondary bacteria-based leaching process capable of extracting copper at far lower concentrations (<0.5% compared with the typical grade of around 0.6% to 1.0%). A US chemical company has developed a similar technique using yeast. Leaching requires low capital to set up and run, produces no carbon emissions and usually doesn't need regulatory approval. 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Declining demand will eventually pressure margins, requiring a laser focus on cost and efficiency. Stakeholder pressure and increasing carbon costs will make decarbonization a priority. Focus on cutting emissions in the short term by removing methane, addressing routine flaring, electrifying drilling and processing operations and recycling CO2 into enhanced lift.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:05:05.903+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "9720936b-7edf-41b2-83b9-fa835b64e3a4", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.22, "w": 0.31, "x": 0.35, "y": 0.29 }, "kind": "list", "text": "Get your alternative molecule offering right. Markets will emerge for new molecules, but understanding how and when (and if) these markets work from an economic and technical standpoint will be critical. Focusing on molecules closest to current capabilities (including decarbonizing fossil fuels with CCUS) and leveraging government incentives can hedge risk. 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