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The federal courts, thus, are courts of \"limited\" jurisdiction because they may only decide certain types of cases as provided by Congress or as identified in the Constitution.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "body", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:35.753+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "b0f7301d-272b-4856-ab98-0612ec972514", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.33, "x": 0.51, "y": 0.55 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "In general, federal question jurisdiction arises in cases that involve the U.S. government, the U.S. Constitution or federal laws, or controversies between states or between the United States and foreign governments. 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The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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The President and Senate have no role in their selection. Congress determines the number and location of bankruptcy judges; they are appointed by the courts of appeals. The district court determines the number and location of magistrate judges and appoints them. 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This section discusses how federal judges are chosen, and provides basic information on judicial compensation, ethics, and the role of senior and recalled judges.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:09:37.517+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "7a1ad607-9b09-4912-8953-d09f0db46344", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.4, "w": 0.3, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.38 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Appointment and Compensation: Justices of the Supreme Court, judges of the courts of appeals and the district courts, and judges of the Court of International Trade are appointed under Article III of the Constitution by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the Senate. 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The chief judge is normally the judge who has served on the court the longest. Chief district and court of appeals judges must be under age 65 to be designated as chief judge. They may serve for a maximum of seven years and may not serve as chief judge beyond the age of 70. 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The judge rules on the objection, generally by ruling that it is either sustained or overruled. If the objection is sustained, the witness does not answer the question, and the attorney must move on to his next question. 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Defendants who are unable to afford counsel are advised of their right to a court-appointed attorney. The court may appoint either a federal defender or a private attorney who has agreed to accept such appointments from the court. In either type of appointment, the attorney will be paid by the court from funds appropriated by Congress. 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The President may comment on the judiciary's budget request, but the proposal must be transmitted to Congress without change.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:42.085+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "62c584d1-8110-436b-a6e8-a9f40949ab36", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.3, "w": 0.232, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.148 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "In recognition of the constitutional separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government, Congress has given the judiciary authority to prepare and execute its own budget.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:42.085+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "93190a19-b4c3-4031-b42f-9c91ceedb775", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.032, "w": 0.418, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.105 }, "kind": "title", "text": "THE JUDICIARY'S BUDGET", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Title", "slug": "title", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f7dd-76d9-b848-b1f12bd85cf4", "version": 1, "description": "Slide title or headline." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Headline", "slug": "headline", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fae1-7463-9a7c-d60668eced0d", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "headline", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:42.085+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "0b1a0ae9-6037-47ae-8990-2749deeb17fd", "parentComponentId": null } ], "metrics": [], "tools": [], "frameworks": [], "arcBeats": [], "loops": [], "locked": true }, { "page": 30, "type": "appendix", "function": "summarize", "rawType": "other", "block": null, "metadata": { "slideType": "other", "slideTypeCanon": { "name": "Other (fallback)", "slug": "other", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52d-0af5-71ed-83de-d51ae245fc43", "version": 1, "description": null }, "function": "summarize", "functionCanon": { "name": "Summarize", "slug": "summarize", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52d-1541-704f-b86f-bf7b75056373", "version": 1, "description": null }, "density": "dense", "densityScore": 63, "componentCount": 6, "textChars": 2832, "nDataPoints": 0, "notes": null, "elementsJson": [ "headline_text", "paragraph" ], "confidence": 0.9, "extraction": { "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "at": "2026-07-17 03:18:24.826+00", "seconds": 3.46, "promptVersion": "v2-canon-conditioned" } }, "links": { "slide": "/slides/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd58-27f122a2067b/30", "deck": "/decks/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd58-27f122a2067b", "deckAnchor": "/decks/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd58-27f122a2067b#slide-30", "deckJson": "/decks/019dd923-5e88-73ef-bd58-27f122a2067b.json" }, "components": [ { "bbox": null, "kind": "list", "text": "How can I find a lawyer? Local bar associations usually offer lawyer referral services, often without charge. The clerk's office in each district court usually is able to help find a referral service. But personnel in the clerk's office and other federal court employees are prohibited from providing legal advice to individual litigants. Defendants in criminal proceedings have a right to a lawyer, and they are entitled to have counsel appointed at government expense if they are financially unable to obtain adequate representation by private counsel. The Criminal Justice Act requires a court determination that a person is financially eligible for court-appointed counsel. Defendants may be required to pay some of these costs. Defendants also have the option of waiving their right to counsel; however, this requires consent of the presiding judge. There is no general right to free legal assistance in civil proceedings. Some litigants obtain free or low-cost representation through local bar association referrals or legal services organizations. 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A criminal proceeding is initiated by the government, usually through the U.S. attorney's office in coordination with a law enforcement agency. 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If the request is granted, the fee is waived.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:18:24.826+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "e3516a93-5ddb-489f-ac0e-c9e54dbe07a8", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": null, "kind": "list", "text": "How are judges assigned to a particular court? Each federal judge is commissioned to a specific court. Judges have no authority to hear cases in other courts unless they are formally designated to do so. 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The party receiving the interrogatories is required to answer them in writing under oath.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:46.331+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "cb5352c3-039b-477b-aab4-cf0c2f9dda66", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.068, "w": 0.674, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.38 }, "kind": "list", "text": "in forma pauperis\n\"In the manner of a pauper.\" The court may grant a litigant's motion to proceed \"in forma pauperis\" and allow him or her to file a case without payment of the required court fees if the person does not have the financial means to pay a fee.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:46.331+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "dd2445b2-3a6b-4b47-828c-70f4d01c1f26", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.065, "w": 0.674, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.292 }, "kind": "list", "text": "indictment\nThe formal charge issued by a grand jury stating that there is enough evidence that the defendant committed a crime to justify having a trial; it is used primarily for felonies. See also \"information.\"", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:46.331+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "e8abd528-2adc-4ee5-88a9-17b33fe23e3d", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.048, "w": 0.674, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.716 }, "kind": "list", "text": "issue\n(1) A disputed point between parties in a lawsuit. 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(2) The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:48.618+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "2280078f-4965-468a-915c-ff6a767bc429", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.085, "w": 0.684, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.734 }, "kind": "list", "text": "magistrate judge: A federal judge, appointed by a concurrence of a majority of the court's district judges, who conducts initial proceedings in criminal cases, decides criminal misdemeanor cases, conducts many pretrial civil and criminal matters on behalf of district judges, and decides civil cases with the consent of the parties.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:48.618+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "28d19762-29a8-458d-a44f-510a47cfd661", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.049, "w": 0.684, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.574 }, "kind": "list", "text": "lawsuit: A legal action started by a plaintiff against a defendant based on a complaint that the defendant failed to perform a legal duty which resulted in harm to the plaintiff.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:48.618+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "548e57d5-e730-4e99-8b52-331af2a6415e", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.049, "w": 0.684, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.486 }, "kind": "list", "text": "jury instructions: A judge's directions to the jury before it begins deliberations regarding the factual questions that it must answer and the legal rules that it must apply.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:48.618+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "71aec26d-ee30-4a05-94c0-d09eb74195c5", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.049, "w": 0.684, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.645 }, "kind": "list", "text": "litigation: A case, controversy, or lawsuit. Participants (plaintiffs and defendants) in lawsuits are called litigants.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:48.618+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "e2f6696a-618e-42bc-846f-0e62c881dd4e", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.049, "w": 0.684, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.416 }, "kind": "list", "text": "jury: The group of local citizens selected by the court to hear the evidence in a trial and render a verdict on matters of fact. 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Compare with \"felony.\"", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:09:41.77+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "0511054d-e8ec-47d3-91d7-ebcf9e1deb7c", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.29 }, "kind": "list", "text": "mistrial: An invalid trial, caused by fundamental error. When a mistrial is declared, the trial must start again with the selection of a new jury.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:09:41.77+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "2128598e-9d5f-47ac-9793-c33d5b713aa5", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.54 }, "kind": "list", "text": "opinion: A judge's written explanation of the decision of the court. Because a case may be heard by three or more judges in the court of appeals, the opinion in appellate decisions can take several forms. If all the judges completely agree on the result, one judge will write the opinion for all. If all the judges do not agree, the formal decision will be based upon the view of the majority, and one member of the majority will write the opinion. The judges who did not agree with the majority may write separately in dissenting or concurring opinions to present their views. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority opinion because of the reasoning and/or the principles of law the majority used to decide the case. A concurring opinion agrees with the decision of the majority opinion, but offers further comment or clarification or even an entirely different reason for reaching the same result. Only the majority opinion can serve as binding precedent in future cases. 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Mediation is an informal process in which a mediator facilitates negotiations between the parties to help them resolve their dispute.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:09:41.77+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "63f7712c-2b48-486e-98e0-17964c4ae4c5", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.36 }, "kind": "list", "text": "motion: A request by a litigant to a judge for a decision on an issue 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0.15, "y": 0.495 }, "kind": "list", "text": "plaintiff: The person who initiates a civil lawsuit.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:09:36.307+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "0f1778e6-7bcf-42bd-81cf-8bda0e42f581", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.69 }, "kind": "list", "text": "precedent: A court decision in an earlier case with facts and legal issues similar to a dispute currently before a court.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:09:36.307+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "4a053fd0-9859-4d16-9821-06d1cb0c8d21", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.36 }, "kind": "list", "text": "petit jury (or trial jury): A group of citizens who hear the evidence presented by both sides at trial and determine the facts in dispute.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:09:36.307+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "4eec814d-433c-4688-b7c0-0c2eab359074", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.04, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.445 }, "kind": "list", "text": "petty offense: A federal misdemeanor punishable by six months or less in prison.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered 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(2) In the jury selection process, the group of potential jurors. (3) The list of attorneys who are both available and qualified to serve as court-appointed counsel.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:09:36.307+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "c480adf2-62a3-4b73-a05c-ca93cee50e48", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.545 }, "kind": "list", "text": "plea: In a criminal case, the defendant's statement pleading “guilty,” “not guilty,” or “no contest” in answer to the charges.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:09:36.307+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "f7b1818a-110a-47fd-9293-3721f798591c", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.27 }, "kind": "list", "text": "party: One of the litigants in a case. At the trial level, the parties are typically referred to as the plaintiff and defendant.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:09:36.307+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "fa14041a-1531-4eda-abaa-0cc9f29de8bd", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.02, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.94 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "38. 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There are rules of civil, criminal, bankruptcy, and appellate procedure.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Comparison list", "slug": "comparison", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fce7-733e-99d3-030a104727bf", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "comparison", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:49.676+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "5257538b-771d-4bf3-93c2-d858ff057d8e", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.68, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.593 }, "kind": "list", "text": "pro bono publico (\"pro bono\")\nA Latin term meaning \"for the good of the public.\" Some lawyers take on certain kinds of cases pro bono, without expectation of payment...", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Comparison list", "slug": "comparison", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fce7-733e-99d3-030a104727bf", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "comparison", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:49.676+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "591cace3-a5e4-4ec2-b121-b7c2f22167c0", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.68, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.733 }, "kind": "list", "text": "pro per\nA slang expression sometimes used to refer to a pro se litigant. It is a corruption of the Latin phrase \"in propria persona.\"", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Comparison list", "slug": "comparison", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fce7-733e-99d3-030a104727bf", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "comparison", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:49.676+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "5fccf2da-17c7-4283-8f2d-a7f3d897621b", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.68, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.523 }, "kind": "list", "text": "probation officer\nOfficers of a court who conduct presentence investigations, prepare presentence reports on convicted defendants, and supervise released defendants.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Comparison list", "slug": "comparison", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fce7-733e-99d3-030a104727bf", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "comparison", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:49.676+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "9494e50a-ee5e-49c6-a140-7636311fa135", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.07, "w": 0.68, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.328 }, "kind": "list", "text": "pretrial services\nA department of the district court that conducts an investigation of a criminal defendant's background in order to help a judge decide whether to release the defendant into the community before trial.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Comparison list", "slug": "comparison", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fce7-733e-99d3-030a104727bf", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "comparison", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:49.676+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "bdaf108b-be6c-4243-8f1e-9b4e3e3cf3b4", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.68, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.803 }, "kind": "list", "text": "pro se\nA Latin term meaning \"on one's own behalf.\" In courts, it refers to persons who present their own cases without lawyers.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Comparison list", "slug": "comparison", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fce7-733e-99d3-030a104727bf", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "comparison", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:41:49.676+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.5-flash", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "da6a5623-968c-4afb-b77d-7029791489ac", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.07, "w": 0.68, "x": 0.156, "y": 0.238 }, "kind": "list", "text": "pretrial conference\nA meeting of the judge and lawyers to plan the trial, to discuss which matters should be presented to the jury, to review proposed evidence and witnesses, and to set a trial schedule.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": 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A reversal is often accompanied by a remand to the lower court for further proceedings.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:19:26.26+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "0881b223-843e-4254-bfda-fb47a14c1cfb", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.15 }, "kind": "list", "text": "prosecute: To charge someone with a crime. A prosecutor tries a criminal case on behalf of the government.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:19:26.26+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "1bbe7e13-730d-4f82-bf9c-c5ce64a17ff0", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.07, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.68 }, "kind": "list", "text": "sentencing guidelines: A set of rules and principles established by the United States Sentencing Commission that trial judges use as one factor to consider when they determine the sentence for a convicted defendant.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:19:26.26+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "3d5b9a1a-fe54-472d-9c99-a2e0953f7c1d", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.31 }, "kind": "list", "text": "record: A written account of the proceedings in a case, including all pleadings, evidence, and exhibits submitted in the course of the case.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:19:26.26+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "725b8b7b-8b10-4565-b28e-1ffb6eeab896", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.52 }, "kind": "list", "text": "senior judge: An Article III judge who has retired from active duty but continues to perform some judicial duties, usually maintaining a reduced caseload. Commonly referred to as \"senior status.\"", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:19:26.26+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "969ae565-c41e-434c-b6e7-3816088c6175", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.03, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.63 }, "kind": "list", "text": "sentence: The punishment ordered by a court for a defendant convicted of a crime.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "List", "slug": "list", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f94b-779b-a53b-fd4904a5f4d2", "version": 1, "description": "Bullet or numbered list." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Bullet list", "slug": "bullet", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fc98-7169-a083-5cab805076ca", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "bullet", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-07-17 03:19:26.26+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "a2cabea4-93f3-4f7f-90d5-227a38cbfa82", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.04, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.77 }, "kind": "list", "text": "sequester: To separate. 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