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}, "tool": { "name": "Quantification", "slug": "quantification", "status": "active", "bestFor": null, "canonId": "019dd9e1-47ab-72ce-a079-aab1f5299e88", "version": 1, "bodyDocId": null, "description": "Translating a claim into numbers, charts, or tables.", "familyLabel": null }, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": "primary", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-04-24 14:43:22+00", "model": "or:google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "019dd952-0494-7113-8aa2-8bd542db760e", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.84, "x": 0.08, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "together with the United States, they receive about one-third of all international students worldwide. 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This gap will be exacerbated if government-imposed caps on student admissions become more widespread, or if public sentiment toward international students continues to cool.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:15.959+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "3cb01142-dff2-428c-b3fa-d39740ac054b", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.5 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Culture and expectations also play a role. 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While the number of Chinese student enrollments are stagnating in key destination markets, notably the United States, Indian enrollments continue to rise, due in some part to the differing demographic trajectory of those two origin countries but also to limited domestic education capacity in India. And while the population of young people is growing rapidly in Africa, more limited economic growth in this region means that, while increasing, a relatively small number of African youth are able to afford to study overseas, even as they also face constrained higher education opportunities at home. 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Many of these questions have ended up falling to ministries of the interior to answer, even while they speak to core facets of education and employment policy.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:15.932+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "6537f169-e965-46db-8de7-3772a12c269b", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.41 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "One of the basic concerns has been that international students have further strained economic conditions for domestic populations, raising living costs, notably housing rental prices. The evidence for this is complex and highly subjective, and it is hard to state conclusively what role international students play. However, it is important to acknowledge that the benefits and costs of international student mobility are not evenly spread across the economy. Students tend to be concentrated in metropolitan areas, and in places where universities have engaged in active recruitment but have not maintained commensurate levels of student accommodation, there may be localized cost pressures.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:15.932+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "ca57d684-f2f2-4e62-a73d-b427a0b7e5b3", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.22, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.57 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "This, in turn, raises questions about the number of international students at specific universities. For some specialized providers, enrollment is entirely composed of international students, drawing scrutiny as to the quality and objectives of the institution (including whether it is a cover for clandestine working). But international enrollment has also increased at top institutions. For example, more than 40 percent of enrollment was international in 2023 at the University of Sydney in Australia, and it surpassed 60 percent at Maastricht University in the Netherlands in 2024. 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But alongside this need for overall direction, there is also scope for policymakers to resolve some of the trade-offs that have emerged in the international education sector.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:24.204+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "d88316cc-7c94-4125-8a2b-f4ac493ffd1d", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "existing mismatches. It is notable that the most popular courses in Australia for international students tend to be related to marketing and commerce, sectors in which workers are not in short supply across the country. Neither universities nor governments have made much of an effort to steer international students toward particular courses, though trends in employment can be influential, as can shortage occupation lists. Despite these risks, international students still present a useful source of future labor migration, having already been vetted by both education and private-sector actors. When the political salience of migration is low, international study is popular even in the home affairs domain.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:24.204+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "e77d3fb9-c754-4e54-bb18-24f209893681", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.02, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.67 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "From the government's perspective, different portfolios will have different markers of success:", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:24.204+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "ebbfb73e-1ea0-421b-9327-d7306182b82a", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.03, "w": 0.8, "x": 0.1, "y": 0.88 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "38 Australian Government, Department of Home Affairs, Review of the Migration System: Final Report (Canberra: Australian Government, 2023).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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The first is to use immigration policy to shape intake demand, manage access to the labor market and/or permanent stay, and address concerns around quality and integrity, while minimizing local and sectoral economic shocks. The second is to lean into emerging trends in transnational learning, meeting demand for international education without the need to move, while leaving open the possibility of later migration for work.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:16.632+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "4a968725-e983-4e77-97ea-f9a0ce621009", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.6 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Ensuring that low-value and fraudulent education providers and intermediaries (such as recruiters) are weeded out is not only a means of managing numbers but also, crucially, of ensuring positive outcomes for students and maintaining the reputation of the destination country and its education system. This is not a new development. In 2010, the UK government withdrew sponsorship rights from nearly 500 education providers that did not sign up to a new inspection system, and it revoked licenses from 51 providers based on quality concerns. More recently, Australia and Canada have pursued policies to tackle potential fraud in the education sector. Following an investigation into fake letters of admission sent to students in 2023, the Canadian government now requires all letters of acceptance to be submitted to Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada. Both countries have created frameworks to prioritize the issuance of visas to students who will be attending educational institutions considered to be of lower risk.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:16.632+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "8c63eb55-e920-4e74-b99f-1b0833eeba77", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.88 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "39 UK Home Office, “Student Visa Clampdown” (news release, November 2, 2011). 40 Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada, “Changes to International Student Program Aim to Protect Students” (news release, October 27, 2023). 41 Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada, “Changes to International Student Program”; Australian Government, Department of Home Affairs, “Student and Student Guardian Visa Processing Priorities,” updated December 15, 2023.", "attrs": { "numbered": true }, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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and student survey data.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Disclaimer", "slug": "disclaimer", "status": "active", "canonId": "91173477-d91f-4024-bbaf-d4f93e3f82dc", "version": 1, "description": "Legal/cautionary text that occupies most of the body of its slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:16.705+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "a76d15f9-0b19-404c-bf38-564c81e6dfbe", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.06, "w": 0.66, "x": 0.17, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "While student visas have doubled in cost in Australia, from AUD 710 to AUD 1,600 (about USD 1,012), and they cost USD 535 in the United States, 75 euros (USD 80) in Germany, and just SGD 90 (USD 66) in Singapore, all of these fees pale in comparison to cost of living.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:16.705+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "2358a4f5-879b-40f7-8a00-e9ad34a4dab3", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.18, "w": 0.66, "x": 0.17, "y": 0.16 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Increasing financial thresholds for self-sufficiency may have more impact, as students must demonstrate sufficient resources to support themselves during the period of study (excepting permitted employment). These thresholds and the ways in which applicants are required to demonstrate financial self-sufficiency vary across countries. Some countries require proof of finances commensurate with monthly subsistence costs for the study period, as in the United Kingdom (GBP 1,483 per month in London, GBP 1,136 per month outside London) and the Netherlands (1,094 euros per month), others have much lower requirements, such as Italy (468 euros per month) and the Czech Republic (124 euros per month). Financial self-sufficiency is also intended to guard against students finding themselves forced to work more than the allotted hours to meet living costs, with little time for study.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:16.705+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "5cf8bec1-cd3e-4bee-a57f-7d7c9e105c3f", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.18, "w": 0.66, "x": 0.17, "y": 0.35 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "A more direct approach to limiting the attractiveness of a particular destination is to place conditions on visas. These can take many different forms, from restricting the arrival of dependents (and spousal work rights), as has been done in the United Kingdom and Canada, to limiting post-graduation working rights, or eliminating so-called \"visa hopping,\" as in Australia. While this has the effect of dampening demand for study visas, these types of conditions also reinforce international study as a default temporary experience, rather than a gateway to a career and permanent residence. As such, governments need to be clear on their vision for the role, in the short and long term, of international students in their economy and society. Limiting post-graduation work can be effective in reducing demand, but it can also lead to overcorrection, and governments have vacillated on what terms to offer as a result.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:16.705+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "8b1232e8-f863-40af-a92b-b3d0b918e8d4", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.02, "w": 0.66, "x": 0.17, "y": 0.04 }, "kind": "title", "text": 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"primary", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.209+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "d11e1649-14b4-42a4-b2e3-b928a566f211", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.22, "w": 0.38, "x": 0.11, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Across Europe, fluctuating attitudes toward international students have led to opening and closing, lengthening and shortening post-graduation work visas on an almost cyclical basis, reflecting competing concerns about intake and skills needs. For example, Germany tightened graduates' work rights in 2009, only to extend them once more in 2012 and then further extend them in 2024. Similarly, France reinstated work rights in 2013 following a limit imposed in 2011. Early data from the United Kingdom suggest that limiting dependent arrivals has reduced international student enrollment: following restrictions, applications for the sponsored study visa were 13 percent lower in January 2025 compared to a year earlier, while applications from dependents of students dropped by 84 percent.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.209+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "3107f34e-776f-4f4b-bb32-acb7378cbc2a", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.18, "w": 0.78, "x": 0.11, "y": 0.53 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Both Canada and Australia announced these caps as part of broader immigration targets: for Canada, the objective of reducing temporary residents from 6.5 percent to 5 percent of Canada's total population by 2026, and for Australia, the ambition to reduce net overseas migration to 260,000 for the 2024–25 fiscal year. While it is too early to assess the impact of these caps on overall international student numbers, Universities Canada has predicted that enrollment will drop further than the cap envisages, amid concern for the global reputation of Canadian education. Early indications from Australia suggest that earlier measures to constrain demand for student places have been effective even in the absence of a cap, though overall targets for reduced net overseas migration will not be met.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.209+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "41d9fd24-f9a0-4e08-ae77-406a87a83f1c", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.22, "w": 0.78, "x": 0.11, "y": 0.31 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Caps on international student arrivals are generally considered to be a last resort, though they reflect a growing recognition of the need for an overall ceiling for international study. Both Canada and Australia have recently put forward caps on the number of international students who can be enrolled each year, overall or by region or institution. Canada introduced a cap of 360,000 student visas in January 2024, which will be extended and tightened in 2025 and 2026 by also including graduate students from 2025 onwards. Meanwihle, Australia proposed limiting international student places to 270,000 for 2025, with more flexibility for universities in regional Australia (locations outside the metropolitan areas of Sydney and Melbourne) and for publicly funded universities; however this legislation failed to pass at the end of 2024, leaving universities in limbo for the 2025 academic year.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.209+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "4b1632cf-1785-4900-9e29-5b401c86ddbe", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.78, "x": 0.11, "y": 0.72 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "58-64: Footnotes detailing specific policy documents and news reports.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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Some are more acceptable to education providers and guardians of the \"export\" sector than others, notably measures focused on increasing quality rather than limiting quantity.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.784+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "1cad6092-20db-4a80-a832-c6940fd21082", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.09 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "One of the challenges of imposing a cap is the need for adequate notice. Without time to plan, educational institutions find themselves with reduced budgets, having already spent on marketing and recruitment, and under pressure to cut staffing and facilities, which affects both the international and domestic student populations as well as future research and innovation investment. Universities have complained that caps cause significant disruption and result in a considerable economic hit, while reducing the future marketability of education in the country. The counterargument—that the scale of growth over the past decade should not have been counted upon to continue in the long term—has been less evident in public discourse.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.784+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "a3825780-4f2a-4495-9043-4e68df65ec1a", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.54 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "It is notable that while a number of key anglophone destinations are using these policy levers to reduce student numbers, the same policies are being used to expand demand for international study in other markets, both established and emerging. For example, in South Korea, a series of measures have been put in place to expand the education sector, including a reduction in financial requirements, an increase in permitted work while studying (amount of time and sectors), expansion of post-graduation working rights (in terms of length and sectors), and expanding scholarship programming.67", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.784+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "da8744dc-9447-466c-859a-0e416b9db729", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.22, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.31 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "But both sets of policy levers can be contentious. Ministries of the interior tasked with ensuring program integrity can find themselves at loggerheads with education providers and employers hoping to hire graduates. The specificity of the academic year also means that visa processing must be timely yet remain robust. Efforts to shape admissions through raising thresholds, meanwhile, can reinforce issues of inequity, where candidates from less wealthy countries may struggle to meet new requirements.65 The imposition of more hurdles—for students and institutions—can impede planning. Though key elements of new or stricter requirements can be outsourced to universities (such as testing applicants' language and educational capability), and agents can be looped in to facilitate the process, there is a danger that building a role for such intermediaries raises the risk of fraud.66", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.784+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "ed7a17bb-eac5-4327-ba1e-5291bc22bd6c", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.7 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The use of policy levers of this type also reinforces the need for a strong, collective understanding of the role and ambition for international study within a particular country. For example, countries may wish to limit enrollment but expand international students' access to the labor market after graduation; some of the policy levers outlined above may achieve one goal, but inhibit the other.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.784+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "fb4fa5e3-a039-4ac0-8a22-3859ab175294", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.1, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.81 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "65 For example, the UK Home Office exempts nationals from approximately 60 largely high-income countries from meeting financial self-sufficiency requirements. See UK Home Office, \"Financial Evidence for Student and Child Student Visa Applicants,\" updated January 2, 2025.\n66 A parliamentary inquiry in Australia found that unregulated agents were being paid by institutions to channel students to their courses. See Caitlin Cassidy, \"Australia's International Education System a 'Ponzi Scheme' with Agents Paid Bonuses to Lure Students,\" The Guardian, April 18, 2023.\n67 ICEF, \"South Korea on Track to Attract Thousands.\"", "attrs": { "numbered": true }, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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Rather, policy approaches have viewed national markets in isolation, rather than as part of a more complex global market in which the act of learning can itself be mobile.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.887+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "148c417e-8e65-40c2-8fc0-f0d43790ad3f", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.15, "w": 0.82, "x": 0.09, "y": 0.34 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "Transnational education takes a number of different forms; it can be either offshore and offline, offshore and online, or include a mix of offshore and onshore study. 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U.S. higher education institutions have been leaders in this area, followed by those from the United Kingdom, which had nearly 577,000 students enrolled wholly overseas during the 2022–23 academic year (either through distance learning, an overseas campus, or through partners).72 France is the other major player in this space, with a significant number of offshore campuses, though a 2016 review suggested that France had fallen behind the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia in this regard.73 Germany, despite investing", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.887+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "774331f2-4571-4572-836d-77018f285d2e", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.82, "x": 0.09, "y": 0.25 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "As such, new forms of study—notably, transnational education, broadly defined as arrangements where a student is based in a different country from the accrediting institution—have been less considered. 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For example, the Malaysian government has established higher education \"zones\" in collaboration with private partners, which have helped the country become a hub for international branch campuses, including those of universities from Australia, China, India, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.70 Singapore has welcomed a series of top universities, from the European Institute of Business Administration (INSEAD) to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), complementing its own national universities, while a new central business district under construction in Gujarat, India—Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City)—expects to attract a number of universities as part of a broader financial and IT services hub.71", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.887+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "b85eb9dc-a7c3-4a1f-bd9a-89b06f41e7e6", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.82, "x": 0.09, "y": 0.81 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "68-73 Footnotes detailing sources for the data and examples provided in the text.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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This is perhaps due to the graduates having better information about job opportunities, social networks acquired through study, and employers' stronger recognition of the qualifications presented, compared to jobseekers who have graduated from foreign institutions. There is an opportunity to build on this, offering more bespoke labor market preparation and connections, and to shape the education sector to meet the full range of domestic needs.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.461+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "6fd2701c-7c3a-4538-a110-2669560d732d", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.095, "w": 0.824, "x": 0.088, "y": 0.276 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The global debate on international students has focused on numbers, and specifically the efforts in a few key destinations to reduce admissions through immigration and visa policy. But it overlooks the urgent need for a broader discussion not only about what the \"right\" number of international students is (that is, what constitutes a sustainable level of international students in the higher education system, in a context of rapid growth in mature markets), but also where that education might take place.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.461+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "f4ac50d9-0acf-4daf-87d3-e479a01cf874", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.025, "w": 0.824, "x": 0.088, "y": 0.881 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "80 Antonina Levatino, \"Transnational Higher Education and International Student Mobility: Determinants and Linkage,\" Higher Education 73, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 637–53.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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This could entail supporting exploration of blended learning options and adapting study and post-graduation work visas to accommodate more flexible learning options, thus maintaining the competitiveness of their international education sectors without placing receiving communities and immigration systems under undue strain. This could also involve testing the potential of new trends, such as microcredentialling and offshore professional skills development. Governments around the world have invested in opening up their educational institutions, knowledge, and networks to the next generation of skilled workers, recognizing not just the short-term financial benefit but also the longer-term ripple effects of enhancing global and domestic skills markets. Going forward, there is an opportunity to find a new balance between drawing learners to institutions in country and expanding networks beyond their borders, while meeting growing demand for education from young people at home and around the world.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.178+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "89e7d5ba-73f5-4cf1-be35-a24f6e82e860", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.35, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.18 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "There is also a need to look beyond numbers in future planning to consider how the market might evolve, utilizing a comprehensive approach that can simultaneously account for global dynamics, individual intentions, and domestic needs. Several countries are seeking to expand their international education offerings, which will affect domestic demand, just as changing geopolitical fault lines may shift who is encouraged to study where. International student intentions are sensitive to a range of factors, some of which are beyond national government control, such as changing conditions in their countries of origin; incorporating what is known about student intentions and decision-making will support more realistic planning. And at the same time, planning for future demographic change, differences in regional growth prospects, and changing skills needs (including major shifts linked to, for example, the green transition) should all be part of this discussion. The European Commission’s March 2025 communication on a Union of Skills reflects this more integrated approach to future economic development and includes a target of 350,000 tertiary-level international students per year by 2030 (up from about 249,000 in 2022), as part of a \"Europe talent magnet framework.\"", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.178+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "f073d5b8-7b7f-45f5-9cca-e690f1183c24", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.08, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.8 }, "kind": "quote", "text": "Governments around the world have invested in opening up their educational institutions, knowledge, and networks to the next generation of skilled workers, recognizing not just the short-term financial benefit but also the longer-term ripple effect of enhancing global and domestic skills markets.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Quote", "slug": "quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f8fb-751e-8bc6-d58e2d59562a", "version": 1, "description": "Pull quote or testimonial." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Pull quote", "slug": "pull-quote", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fbf9-76fe-97e1-a0b7540445c9", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "pull-quote", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.178+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "f254decc-ebce-40a1-b06b-da2ca02202f4", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.03, "w": 0.7, "x": 0.15, "y": 0.9 }, "kind": "source-note", "text": "81 European Commission, “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: The Union of Skills” (COM [2025] 90 final, March 5, 2025).", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Source note", "slug": "source-note", "status": "active", "canonId": "23484952-494b-4a5e-b1ad-550d0d70e948", "version": 1, "description": "Attribution / source / caveat placed at the slide footer. 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She previously was Special Adviser for Policy and Strategy to the Director General of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and before that was Founding Director of MPI Europe in Brussels and Senior Advisor to MPI's Transatlantic Council on Migration.\n\nMs. Collett has more than 20 years of experience in the migration policy sector and has consulted for numerous government ministries and nongovernmental organizations, including foundations, nonprofits, and UN agencies. Her research interests include global trends in migration, EU immigration and asylum policy, as well as national-level migration policy developments. She is a member of the Strategic Council of the European Policy Centre and a Visiting Fellow at the Australian National University.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:16.312+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "d74ae44e-7758-42d9-bf87-b5d0dc32366f", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.03, "w": 0.33, "x": 0.088, "y": 0.088 }, "kind": "title", "text": "About the Author", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Title", "slug": "title", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-f7dd-76d9-b848-b1f12bd85cf4", "version": 1, "description": "Slide title or headline." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Headline", "slug": "headline", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fae1-7463-9a7c-d60668eced0d", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "headline", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:16.312+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "72b98886-59a3-415c-8601-544bc1e47b4d", "parentComponentId": null } ], "metrics": [], "tools": [], "frameworks": [], "arcBeats": [], "loops": [], "locked": true }, { "page": 27, "type": "setup", "function": "front_matter", "rawType": "appendix_disclosure", "block": null, "metadata": { "slideType": "appendix_disclosure", "slideTypeCanon": { "name": "Appendix disclosure", "slug": "appendix_disclosure", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52d-07b2-7549-8e8b-932a19f6e616", "version": 1, "description": null }, "function": "front_matter", "functionCanon": { "name": "Front matter", "slug": "front_matter", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52d-133d-73f0-9e26-201eda96b098", "version": 1, "description": null }, "density": "dense", "densityScore": 70, "componentCount": 7, "textChars": 2256, "nDataPoints": 0, "notes": null, "elementsJson": [ "paragraph" ], "confidence": 1, "extraction": { "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.935+00", "seconds": 4.408, "promptVersion": "v2-canon-conditioned" } }, "links": { "slide": "/slides/019dd923-5de0-76bd-a16a-850abecd1878/27", "deck": "/decks/019dd923-5de0-76bd-a16a-850abecd1878", "deckAnchor": "/decks/019dd923-5de0-76bd-a16a-850abecd1878#slide-27", "deckJson": "/decks/019dd923-5de0-76bd-a16a-850abecd1878.json" }, "components": [ { "bbox": { "h": 0.25, "w": 0.824, "x": 0.088, "y": 0.64 }, "kind": "disclaimer", "text": "© 2025 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. Design: Sara Staedicke, MPI. Layout: Katie O'Hara. Cover Photo: Jacob Wackerhausen/iStock.com. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, or included in any information storage and retrieval system without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www.migrationpolicy.org. Information for reproducing excerpts from this publication can be found at www.migrationpolicy.org/about/copyright-policy. Inquiries can also be directed to communications@migrationpolicy.org. Suggested citation: Collett, Elizabeth. 2025. International Student Mobility: A Post-Pandemic Reset or a Broader Challenge? Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Disclaimer", "slug": "disclaimer", "status": "active", "canonId": "91173477-d91f-4024-bbaf-d4f93e3f82dc", "version": 1, "description": "Legal/cautionary text that occupies most of the body of its slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": null, "framework": null }, "subkind": null, "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.935+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "409e2bef-0837-448b-820e-1df4956cf945", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.824, "x": 0.088, "y": 0.43 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "MPI is an independent, nonpartisan policy research organization that adheres to the highest standard of rigor and integrity in its work. All analysis, recommendations, and policy ideas advanced by MPI are solely determined by its researchers.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.935+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "1e8cebf0-ea0d-406b-ac64-6814b6858cc1", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.05, "w": 0.824, "x": 0.088, "y": 0.37 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The author would like to thank Kate Hooper for her meticulous review of numerous drafts and discussions on the topic, Meghan Benton for her insightful suggestions, and Nurbanu Hayır for her support tracking down data and evidence.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.935+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "28eddbf7-17c1-4c62-8c0c-b3a3d6c640e5", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.02, "w": 0.824, "x": 0.088, "y": 0.34 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit: www.migrationpolicy.org/transatlantic.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.935+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "511c997c-d0fe-40f0-a568-9b41236db46b", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.115, "w": 0.824, "x": 0.088, "y": 0.22 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "The Council is a unique deliberative body established by MPI in 2008 that examines vital policy issues and informs migration policymaking processes across Europe, North America, and Australia. The Council's work is generously supported by the following foundations and governments: the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Open Society Foundations, the Robert Bosch Stiftung, and the governments of Australia, Canada, Germany, Norway, and Sweden.", "attrs": null, "canon": { "kind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "5f2affc0-941d-4d07-959d-4bfc1930cea4", "version": 1, "description": "Single prose block in the body of a slide." }, "tool": null, "subkind": { "name": "Paragraph", "slug": "paragraph", "status": "active", "canonId": "019de52c-fb80-75af-aa5c-a7a4bfac2433", "version": 1, "description": null }, "framework": null }, "subkind": "paragraph", "groupRole": null, "confidence": null, "extraction": { "at": "2026-05-02 18:26:17.935+00", "model": "google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview-20260303", "runId": null, "seconds": null, "promptVersion": null }, "componentId": "d388b0e5-a7e9-4a6e-8292-344b9a77b286", "parentComponentId": null }, { "bbox": { "h": 0.085, "w": 0.824, "x": 0.088, "y": 0.135 }, "kind": "paragraph", "text": "This report was commissioned for a plenary meeting of the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), held in London in November 2024. 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